Reland #128236, reverted in https://github.com/flutter/flutter/pull/143125, https://github.com/flutter/flutter/pull/145261, and https://github.com/flutter/flutter/pull/145487.

The errors were raised in post-submit tests on Windows. I have finally obtained a Windows machine to reproduce the errors locally and adjust the test (remove size expectation and rename output `.exe`).

## Original description

Improves the build output:

1. Gives confirmation that the build succeeded, in green
1. Gives the path to the built executable, without a trailing period to make it slightly easier to cmd/ctrl+open
1. Gives the size of the built executable (when the built executable is self contained) 

### `apk`, `appbundle` 

<img width="607" alt="image" src="https://github.com/flutter/flutter/assets/6655696/ecc52abe-cd2e-4116-b22a-8385ae3e980d">

<img width="634" alt="image" src="https://github.com/flutter/flutter/assets/6655696/8af8bd33-c0bd-4215-9a06-9652ee019436">

### `macos`, `ios`, `ipa`
Build executables are self-contained and use a newly introduced `OperatingSystemUtils.getDirectorySize`.

<img width="514" alt="image" src="https://github.com/flutter/flutter/assets/6655696/b5918a69-3959-4417-9205-4f501d185257">

<img width="581" alt="image" src="https://github.com/flutter/flutter/assets/6655696/d72fd420-18cf-4470-9e4b-b6ac10fbcd50">

<img width="616" alt="image" src="https://github.com/flutter/flutter/assets/6655696/5f235ce1-252a-4c13-898f-139f6c7bc698">

### `windows`, `linux`, and `web`
Build executables aren't self-contained, and folder size can sometimes overestimate distribution size, therefore their size isn't mentioned (see discussion below).

<img width="647" alt="image" src="https://github.com/flutter/flutter/assets/6655696/7179e771-1eb7-48f6-b770-975bc073437b">

<img width="658" alt="image" src="https://github.com/flutter/flutter/assets/6655696/a6801cab-7b5a-4975-a406-f4c9fa44d7a2">

<img width="608" alt="image" src="https://github.com/flutter/flutter/assets/6655696/ee7c4125-a273-4a65-95d7-ab441edf8ac5">

### Size reporting
When applicable, the printed size matches the OS reported size.

- macOS
    <img width="391" alt="image" src="https://github.com/flutter/flutter/assets/6655696/881cbfb1-d355-444b-ab44-c1a6343190ce">
- Windows
    <img width="338" alt="image" src="https://github.com/flutter/flutter/assets/6655696/3b806def-3d15-48a9-8a25-df200d6feef7">
- Linux   
    <img width="320" alt="image" src="https://github.com/flutter/flutter/assets/6655696/89a4aa3d-2148-4f3b-b231-f93a057fee2b">

## Related issues
Part of #120127
Fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/121401