Fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/9342

* more widget const constructors

* prefer const constructors

* address review comments

* make @immutable const

* fix build

I plan to use this to implement similar logic in SliverPadding.

To make this easier to test I extended the paints matcher to accept a
function that takes a canvas. While I was at it I also made it accept
a Finder, it'll go and find the render object for you.

Also added support for paints..path and fixed some grammar in the
error messages.

Also improved the docs for debugPaint*.

This widget is a replacement for ScrollableViewport that uses the new
Scrollable2 machinery. The widget is not based on Slivers but does use the new
scroll behavior classes.

MockCanvas to use it instead.

Currently it only supports a very limited set of drawing features, but
adding new ones is easy.

Once the feature set is more complete, and we've used this a bunch, if
it feels right, this API will get promoted to flutter_test.

This patch changes the default appearance of Slider to not have the
thumb be an open circle at its minimum position. The `thumbOpenAtMin`
property can enable drawing an open thumb at the min position, which was
the previous behavior.

Fixes #6941

Changed MergableMaterial to animated between states that have dividers
and those that don't in order not to have dividers that appear
unanimatedly. Fixes #5847.

Previously, pumpWidget() would do a partial pump (it didn't trigger
Ticker callbacks or post-frame callbacks), and pump() would do a full
pump. This patch brings them closer together. It also makes runApp run a
full actual frame, rather than skipping the transient callback part of
the frame logic. Having "half-frames" in the system was confusing and
could lead to bugs where code expecting to run before the next layout
pass didn't because a "half-frame" ran first.

Also, make Tickers start ticking in the frame that they were started in,
if they were started during a frame. This means we no longer spin a
frame for t=0, we jump straight to the first actual frame.

Other changes in this patch:

* rename WidgetsBinding._runApp to WidgetsBinding.attachRootWidget, so
  that tests can use it to more accurately mock out runApp.

* allow loadStructuredData to return synchronously.

* make handleBeginFrame handle not being given a time stamp.

* make DataPipeImageProvider.loadAsync protected (rather than private),
  and document it. There wasn't really a reason for it to be private.

* fix ImageConfiguration.toString.

* introduce debugPrintBuildScope and debugPrintScheduleBuildForStacks,
  which can help debug problems with widgets getting marked as dirty but
  not cleaned.

* make debugPrintRebuildDirtyWidgets say "Building" the first time and
  "Rebuilding" the second, to make it clearer when a widget is first
  created. This makes debugging widget lifecycle issues much easier.

* make debugDumpApp more resilient.

* debugPrintStack now takes a label that is printed before the stack.

* improve the banner shown for debugPrintBeginFrameBanner.

* various and sundry documentation fixes

This commit changes MergeableMaterial to include a flag that
specifies whether connected Material slices should have dividers
between them.

MergeableMaterial is an animated container that knows how to merge
separate slices of Material together.