The main purpose of this PR is to make it so that when you set the
initial route and it's a hierarchical route (e.g. `/a/b/c`), it
implies multiple pushes, one for each step of the route (so in that
case, `/`, `/a`, `/a/b`, and `/a/b/c`, in that order). If any of those
routes don't exist, it falls back to '/'.

As part of doing that, I:

 * Changed the default for MaterialApp.initialRoute to honor the
   actual initial route.

 * Added a MaterialApp.onUnknownRoute for handling bad routes.

 * Added a feature to flutter_driver that allows the host test script
   and the device test app to communicate.

 * Added a test to make sure `flutter drive --route` works.
   (Hopefully that will also prove `flutter run --route` works, though
   this isn't testing the `flutter` tool's side of that. My main
   concern is over whether the engine side works.)

 * Fixed `flutter drive` to output the right target file name.

 * Changed how the stocks app represents its data, so that we can
   show a page for a stock before we know if it exists.

 * Made it possible to show a stock page that doesn't exist. It shows
   a progress indicator if we're loading the data, or else shows a
   message saying it doesn't exist.

 * Changed the pathing structure of routes in stocks to work more
   sanely.

 * Made search in the stocks app actually work (before it only worked
   if we happened to accidentally trigger a rebuild). Added a test.

 * Replaced some custom code in the stocks app with a BackButton.

 * Added a "color" feature to BackButton to support the stocks use case.

 * Spaced out the ErrorWidget text a bit more.

 * Added `RouteSettings.copyWith`, which I ended up not using.

 * Improved the error messages around routing.

While I was in some files I made a few formatting fixes, fixed some
code health issues, and also removed `flaky: true` from some devicelab
tests that have been stable for a while. Also added some documentation
here and there.

See https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/8986

* Adding first semantics perf test

* review commnts and analyzer fixes

* fix analyzer warning

Under android/ directory, ignore:
GeneratedPluginRegistrant.java

Under ios/ directory, ignore:
GeneratedPluginRegistrant.h
GeneratedPluginRegistrant.m
Pods/

The new assets have been optipng'ed.

Also includes minor doc fixes.

* Roll android build tools to 25.0.3

* Roll android build tools to 25.0.3 in templates

This reverts commit 5ed2984e.

Fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/9342

This splits the frame pipeline into two, beginFrame and drawFrame.

As part of making this change I added some debugging hooks that helped
debug the issues that came up:

 * I added debugPrintScheduleFrameStacks which prints a stack whenever
   a frame is actually scheduled, so you can see why frames are being
   scheduled.

 * I added some toString output to EditableText and RawKeyboardListener.

 * I added a scheduler_tester.dart library for scheduler library tests.

 * I changed the test framework to flush microtasks before pumping.

 * Some asserts that had the old string literal form were replaced by
   asserts with messages.

I also fixed a few subtle bugs that this uncovered:

 * setState() now calls `ensureVisualUpdate`, rather than
   `scheduleFrame`. This means that calling it from an
   AnimationController callback does not actually schedule an extra
   redundant frame as it used to.

 * I corrected some documentation.

backgroundColor -> color
backgroundImage -> image
BackgroundImage -> DecorationImage

* Add a tile scrolling test to complex_layout app

* - Review comments and fix analyzer failures.

* Use ListView.builder pattern.

* more widget const constructors

* prefer const constructors

* address review comments

* make @immutable const

* fix build

There are more places we can use this annotation, but this patch just gets us
started.

* Manually fix every use of Point.x and Point.y

Some of these were moved to dx/dy, but not all.

* Manually convert uses of the old gradient API

* Remove old reference to Point.

* Mechanical changes

I applied the following at the root of the Flutter repository:

git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bPoint[.]origin\b/Offset.zero/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bPoint[.]lerp\b/Offset.lerp/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bnew Point\b/new Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bconst Point\b/const Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bstatic Point /static Offset /g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bfinal Point /final Offset /g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/^\( *\)Point /\1Offset /g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/ui[.]Point\b/ui.Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/(Point\b/(Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\([[{,]\) Point\b/\1 Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/@required Point\b/@required Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/<Point>/<Offset>/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/[.]toOffset()//g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/[.]toPoint()//g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bshow Point, /show /g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bshow Point;/show Offset;/g'

* Mechanical changes - dartdocs

I applied the following at the root of the Flutter repository:

git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\ba \[Point\]/an [Offset]/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\[Point\]/[Offset]/g'

* Further improvements and a test

* Fix minor errors from rebasing...

* Roll engine

* Fix tests to use Ahem, and helpful changes around that

- Fix fonts that had metric-specific behaviours.

- LiveTestWidgetsFlutterBinding.allowAllFrames has been renamed
  to LiveTestWidgetsFlutterBinding.framePolicy.

- LiveTestWidgetsFlutterBinding now defaults to using a frame policy
  that pumps slightly more frames, to animate the pointer crosshairs.

- Added "flutter run --use-test-fonts" to enable Ahem on devices.

- Changed how idle() works to be more effective in live mode.

- Display the test name in live mode (unless ahem fonts are enabled).

- Added a toString to TextSelectionPoint.

- Style nit fixes.

* Roll engine to get Ahem changes.

* Update tests for dartdoc changes.

* Fix flutter_tools tests

* upgrade to linter-0.1.30

* add prefer_is_empty lint
* add directives_ordering lint
* add no_adjacent_strings_in_list lint
* add no_duplicate_case_values lint
* add prefer_collection_literals lint
* add prefer_const_constructors lint
* add prefer_contains lint
* add prefer_initializing_formals lint
* add unnecessary_null_aware_assignments lint
* add unnecessary_null_in_if_null_operators lint

Nobody knew what a Block was.

Aggressively apply the const lint.

* use color.shadeXxx instead of color[Xxx]

* remove calls to .shade500 on MaterialColor

* remove calls to .shade200 on MaterialAccentColor

* fix test

There aren't any subclasses of Element that don't also subclass
BuildableElement and I suspect they wouldn't work properly anyway.

Fixes #3656

They previously were very sensitive to widgets like LayoutBuilder.

We need to study these benchmark numbers more carefully. See #7937

In particular, we now use ListView in the about dialog.