* add a FAB NotchMaker to ScaffoldGeometry

* add a notchMaker to FloatingActionButton

* Initial implementation of BottomAppBar

Mainly includes the notch making logic.
Not yet tested as currently there is no way to make the FAB and the BAB
overlap, once #14368 to lands we could add unit tests to the
BottomAppBar as well.

* use a closeable for clearing the FAB notchmaker

This attempts to apply some of what we learnt from UX studies, namely
that people wonder how to add multiple children to widget that take
one child.

* Allow FloatingActionButton to not have a heroTag.
* Allow FloatingActionButton to not have a child.
* Allow Tooltip to not have a child.
* Improve the debug output of the default FloatingActionButton hero tag.
* Improve the error message in the Hero clashing-tag case.
* Improve the debug output of the Hero widget.
* Improve the debug output of gesture-related widgets.
* Minor improvements to documentation.
* Fix some typos in comments.
* Fix some style nits.

Minor fixes throughout, e.g. removing trailing commas from the end of sample code expressions, changing headings to "sample code" more consistently, removing stale todos, fix typos in a private method name, minor grammar fixes, added some clarifications to CircularProgressIndicator, LinearProgressIndicator, CrossAxisAlignment, added some cross-references to various members, made it slightly clearer that layout algorithms are implementation details.

Clarified "elevation" throughout.

Added docs to InkResponse and InkWell.

Added sample code for: SliverAppBar, Card, ListTile, EdgeInsets, Row, Column, CustomScrollView, ListView, SliverFixedExtentList, and SliverGrid.

Fixes #10317.
Fixes #10316.
Fixes #10267. (sort of, see comment therein)
Fixes #9331. (sort of, see comment therein)
Fixes #9407. (sort of, see comment therein)

Moved everything icons related except the material icon button and the materialicon font list to widget

Fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/9342

I can't figure out if this is genius or a giant hack.

This lets you use DefaultTextStyle.merge and IconTheme.merge without
specifying a BuildContext. It automatically merges in at the
appropriate place in the tree using a Builder widget.

Rename State.config to State.widget
Rename State.didUpdateConfig to State.didUpdateWidget
Renamed all State subclasses' local variables named config to something else

These define a TextTheme and IconTheme that contrast with the accent
colour brightness. Also adjust default accentColorBrightness to match
Material spec examples (dark text/icons on teal in Dark theme).

Update material components to use accentTextTheme, accentIconTheme:
* DatePicker selection
* Floating action button icon
* TimePicker selection
* Slider label text

Based on P5's experience

Previously we were resizing a paragraph of text during the animation. Now we
animate the text and the image separately. Also, add a default hero tag for
FloatingActionButton so that it animates as part of the hero transition as
well.

If the scaffold is new and has a floating action button, we skip the entrance
animation for the fab.

Fixes #4445

Anywhere that accepted IconData now accepts either an Icon or an
ImageIcon.

Places that used to take an IconData in an `icon` argument, notably
IconButton and DrawerItem, now take a Widget in that slot. You can wrap
the value that used to be passed in in an Icon constructor to get the
same result.

Icon itself now takes the icon as a positional argument, for brevity.

ThemeData now has an iconTheme as well as a primaryIconTheme, the same
way it has had a textTheme and primaryTextTheme for a while.

IconTheme.of() always returns a value now (though that value itself may
have nulls in it). It defaults to the ThemeData.iconTheme.

IconThemeData.fallback() is a new method that returns an icon theme data
structure with all fields filled in.

IconTheme.merge() is a new constructor that takes a context and creates
a widget that mixes in the new values with the inherited values.

Most places that introduced an IconTheme widget now use IconTheme.merge.

IconThemeData.merge and IconThemeData.copyWith act in a way analogous to
the similarly-named members of TextStyle.

ImageIcon is introduced. It acts like Icon but takes an ImageProvider
instead of an IconData.

Also: Fix the analyzer to actually check the stocks app.

FAB segue animation is done in scaffold and the consts are there.

We now use the `@required` annotation to encourage developers to
explicitly set onPressed and onChanged callbacks to null when that would
disable the widget.

Fixes #287

Fixes 3544

Previously the floating action button would disappear during transitions. Now
we animate properly. I've also centralized the animation in Scaffold instead of
spreading it across the Scaffold and the FloatingActionButton.

Fixes #1718

For consistency.

Fixes #4142

Fixes #3501

Now past halfway though material.dart by files.

Also, clean up a few interfaces that looked awkward when writing docs.

Also, fill out other documentation for these widgets.

Fixes #967

This patch adds a consistent, simple description for the common pattern of
having a single child widget.

This patch renames StatelessComponent to StatelessWidget and
StatefulComponent to StatefulWidget.

Fixes #2308

This enum doesn't make sense anymore now that we can arbitrarily colorize
icons.  Instead, we just use a Color, which is both simpler and can be
interpolated during animations.

Fixes #1279

We don't need these keys. Also, improve style in several places.

Fixes #2225

Fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/1331

Hopefully this will be enough to start with. If this continues to be a
point of confusion we can see about adding more documentation or
changing the API somehow.