[flutter_tools/dap] Add support for forwarding `flutter run --machine` exposeUrl requests to the DAP client (#114539)

* [flutter_tools/dap] Add support for forwarding `flutter run --machine` requests to the DAP client

Currently the only request that Flutter sends to the client is `app.exposeUrl` though most of this code is generic to support other requests that may be added in future.

* Improve comment

* Fix thrown strings

* StateError -> DebugAdapterException

* Add a non-null assertion and assert

* Use DebugAdapterException to handle restartRequests sent before process starts

* Fix typo + use local var

* Don't try to actually send Flutter messages in tests because there's no process