Fix a few regressions.

* [devFS] Use URI to represent paths on device

Previosuly, regular file paths in the format of the host platform were used to represent paths on device. That works when host and device share the same (POSIX) file path format. With a Windows host, this breaks. URIs are the solution as they are platform independent and the VM service on the device already interpreted the file paths as URIs anyways.

* review comments

* switch to file paths

* fix tests on Windows

* review comments

* Revert "Revert "Simplify path handling logic in dependency checker and devFS (#8414)" (#8467)"

This reverts commit 96ba7f76.

* Intentionally use a self-package URI in flutter_gallery

* tests to catch problems with self-package imports

This enables us to run more tests on Windows.

This allows us, for example, to wait for the slow mode banner to have
been removed from the screen before triggering a screen shot.

...now that we have generic methods, their types need to be specified too.

Refactor DevFS so that it's easier to add new types of content such as kernel code
* add tests for DevFS package scanning
* add tests for DevFS over VMService protocol
* which covers _DevFSHttpWriter and ServiceProtocolDevFSOperations
* replace AssetBundleEntry and DevFSEntry with DevFSContent
* refactor to cleanup common code and replace some fields with locals
* rework .package file generation refactor away DevFSOperations.writeSource
* only update .package file if it has changed
* only write/delete/evict assets that have been changed/removed

This removes direct file access from within flutter_tools
in favor of using `package:file` via a `FileSystem` that's
accessed via the `ApplicationContext`.

This lays the groundwork for us to be able to easily swap
out the underlying file system when running Flutter tools,
which will be used to provide a record/replay file system,
analogous to what we have for process invocations.

- [x] Introduce DependencyChecker which can determine if any dependencies have been modified.
- [x] Move the DartDependencyBuilder into a separate file.
- [x] Add unit tests for DartDependencyBuilder.
- [x] Add unit tets for DependencyChecker

Part of #7014 

* Use touch to avoid race condition in file modification test

* Remove unused import

* Add delay between writing file and modifying it

* Add type argument

This change adds a top-level getBuildDirectory func and funcs for
android, aot, asset, ios build products.

Developers may now add a "build-dir" mapping to their
~/.flutter_settings (JSON format) config file. Output directory is
relative to the main flutter application directory.

This change also changes the default build directory for iOS builds to a
subdirectory of the configured build directory, 'build/ios' by default.

- [x] Update engine to bring in new snapshotter.
- [x] Use the new snapshotter to quickly determine the minimal set of files necessary to run.
- [x] On first DevFS sync, only sync files necessary to run the application.
- [x] Fix a DevFS unit test failure.
- [x] Include DevFS tests in all.dart.

* General improvoments to the loader app:
   * Show a message after 8 seconds if no connection comes in.
   * Show a progress bar as files are being uploaded.
   * Hide the spinner just before launching the application.

* General improvements to the "flutter run" UI:
   * Add "?" key as a silent alias for "h".
   * Make the help text bold so it doesn't get mixed with the logs.
   * Make "R" do a cold restart when hot reload is enabled.

* Supporting features and bug fixes:
   * Add support for string service extensions.

* Other bug fixes:
   * Expose debugDumpRenderTree() outside debug mode.
   * Logger.supportsColor was missing a getter.
   * Mention in the usage docs that --hot requires --resident.
   * Trivial style fixes.