The main purpose of this PR is to make it so that when you set the
initial route and it's a hierarchical route (e.g. `/a/b/c`), it
implies multiple pushes, one for each step of the route (so in that
case, `/`, `/a`, `/a/b`, and `/a/b/c`, in that order). If any of those
routes don't exist, it falls back to '/'.

As part of doing that, I:

 * Changed the default for MaterialApp.initialRoute to honor the
   actual initial route.

 * Added a MaterialApp.onUnknownRoute for handling bad routes.

 * Added a feature to flutter_driver that allows the host test script
   and the device test app to communicate.

 * Added a test to make sure `flutter drive --route` works.
   (Hopefully that will also prove `flutter run --route` works, though
   this isn't testing the `flutter` tool's side of that. My main
   concern is over whether the engine side works.)

 * Fixed `flutter drive` to output the right target file name.

 * Changed how the stocks app represents its data, so that we can
   show a page for a stock before we know if it exists.

 * Made it possible to show a stock page that doesn't exist. It shows
   a progress indicator if we're loading the data, or else shows a
   message saying it doesn't exist.

 * Changed the pathing structure of routes in stocks to work more
   sanely.

 * Made search in the stocks app actually work (before it only worked
   if we happened to accidentally trigger a rebuild). Added a test.

 * Replaced some custom code in the stocks app with a BackButton.

 * Added a "color" feature to BackButton to support the stocks use case.

 * Spaced out the ErrorWidget text a bit more.

 * Added `RouteSettings.copyWith`, which I ended up not using.

 * Improved the error messages around routing.

While I was in some files I made a few formatting fixes, fixed some
code health issues, and also removed `flaky: true` from some devicelab
tests that have been stable for a while. Also added some documentation
here and there.

Under android/ directory, ignore:
GeneratedPluginRegistrant.java

Under ios/ directory, ignore:
GeneratedPluginRegistrant.h
GeneratedPluginRegistrant.m
Pods/

* Add manual test for color space rendering behavior

* Remove unneeded assets

* Add test for color demo

* Drag up to scroll down

See https://github.com/flutter/flutter/pull/10000

backgroundColor -> color
backgroundImage -> image
BackgroundImage -> DecorationImage

* more widget const constructors

* prefer const constructors

* address review comments

* make @immutable const

* fix build

Turns out we have many immutable classes.

Fixes #6892

I can't figure out if this is genius or a giant hack.

This lets you use DefaultTextStyle.merge and IconTheme.merge without
specifying a BuildContext. It automatically merges in at the
appropriate place in the tree using a Builder widget.

* Manually fix every use of Point.x and Point.y

Some of these were moved to dx/dy, but not all.

* Manually convert uses of the old gradient API

* Remove old reference to Point.

* Mechanical changes

I applied the following at the root of the Flutter repository:

git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bPoint[.]origin\b/Offset.zero/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bPoint[.]lerp\b/Offset.lerp/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bnew Point\b/new Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bconst Point\b/const Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bstatic Point /static Offset /g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bfinal Point /final Offset /g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/^\( *\)Point /\1Offset /g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/ui[.]Point\b/ui.Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/(Point\b/(Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\([[{,]\) Point\b/\1 Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/@required Point\b/@required Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/<Point>/<Offset>/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/[.]toOffset()//g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/[.]toPoint()//g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bshow Point, /show /g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bshow Point;/show Offset;/g'

* Mechanical changes - dartdocs

I applied the following at the root of the Flutter repository:

git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\ba \[Point\]/an [Offset]/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\[Point\]/[Offset]/g'

* Further improvements and a test

* Fix minor errors from rebasing...

* Roll engine

Rename State.config to State.widget
Rename State.didUpdateConfig to State.didUpdateWidget
Renamed all State subclasses' local variables named config to something else

* upgrade to linter-0.1.30

* add prefer_is_empty lint
* add directives_ordering lint
* add no_adjacent_strings_in_list lint
* add no_duplicate_case_values lint
* add prefer_collection_literals lint
* add prefer_const_constructors lint
* add prefer_contains lint
* add prefer_initializing_formals lint
* add unnecessary_null_aware_assignments lint
* add unnecessary_null_in_if_null_operators lint

Aggressively apply the const lint.

This issue is being tracked at: https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/29230

After this patch, there are three major text input widgets:

 * EditableText. This widget is a low-level editing control that
   interacts with the IME and displays a blinking cursor.

 * TextField. This widget is a Material Design text field, with all the
   bells and whistles. It is highly configurable and can be reduced down
   to a fairly simple control by setting its `decoration` property to
   null.

 * TextFormField. This widget is a FormField that wraps a TextField.

This patch also replaces the InputValue data model for these widgets
with a Listenable TextEditingController, which is much more flexible.

Fixes #7031

We now have an explicit focus tree that we manage. Instead of using
GlobalKeys to manage focus, we use FocusNode and FocusScopeNode objects.
The FocusNode is Listenable and notifies when its focus state changes.

Focus notifications trigger by tree mutations are now delayed by one
frame, which is necessary to handle certain complex tree mutations. In
the common case of focus changes being triggered by user input, the
focus notificiation still arives in the same frame.

* use color.shadeXxx instead of color[Xxx]

* remove calls to .shade500 on MaterialColor

* remove calls to .shade200 on MaterialAccentColor

* fix test

The latter is the proper spelling.

Fixes #8883

It's common to just want a simple colored box. Simple thing should be simple,
so this patch adds a convenience argument to Continer for creating a box
decoration that is just a color.

Fixes #5555

Rename all the "2" classes related to scrolling to remove the "2". Now that the
old scrolling code is gone, we don't need to use the suffix.

All the clients have migrated to Scrollable2.

The replacements are ListView and SingleChildScrollView, respectively.

The last remaining client is complex_layout.

This manual test has used the PageView widget for a while already.

* Small Flutter strong mode cleanup fixes.

These are cases where strong mode down cast composite errors
generally indicated cases that would performance or correctness
issues if Flutter code was run in a strong mode VM.

* Fix Command API so that it is always in terms of Map<String,String>.

* Fix typedef

This prepares us for a CustomScrollView that takes slivers.