* sliver separation and test

* Handle a missing ListView separator as an error

* Handle missing item, and errors in itemBuilder and separatorBuilder

* CR fixes and move error handling into sliver.dart to handle all ListView constructors

* Only show an error for null separatorBuilder value in debug mode

This converts existing ## Sample code samples to {@tool sample}...{@end-tool} form.

Also:
1. Fixed a minor bug in analyze-sample-code.dart
2. Made the snippet tool only insert descriptions if the description is non-empty.
3. Moved the Card diagram to before the code sample.

* Improve documentation and clean up code.

* Remove "Note that".

The phrase "note that" is basically meaningless as a prefix to an
otherwise fine sentence.

* enable lint unnecessary_new

* fix tests

* fix tests

* fix tests

* Ensure that the _childElements map is properly traversed as a sparse list and not inflated with garbage collected children.

* Add tests to ensure Lists/Tabs with KeepAlive children can make large jumps, don't lose children (including after rebuild).

* lint unnecessary_new on samples

* fix tests

Fixes #14590.

* Fix scrolling of multiple SliverLists and SliverGrids

* Update sliver_fixed_extent_list.dart

* Update sliver_grid.dart

I got tired of drive-by spelling fixes, so I figured I'd just take care of them all at once.

This only corrects errors in the dartdocs, not regular comments, and I skipped any sample code in the dartdocs. It doesn't touch any identifiers in the dartdocs either. No code changes, just comments.

* fix miscellaneous typos in dartdocs

* moar typos

* enable lint prefer_const_constructors_in_immutables

* remove LabeledGlobalKey._

Unlike FractionalOffset, Alignment uses the center as the zero of the
coordinate system, which makes the RTL math work out much cleaner.

Also, make FractionalOffset into a subclass of Alignment so that clients
can continue to use FractionalOffset.

Add Diagnosticable base class and documentation

Refactor RenderObject.toStringDeep and Widget.toStringDeep code to use DiagnosticsNode.

* AutomaticKeepAlive

A Widget that listens for notifications from widgets that don't want to die.

* Automatically wrap SliverList and SliverGrid children in AutomaticKeepAlive widgets

* Fixes for review comments

Applies comments I missed from https://github.com/flutter/flutter/pull/10904.

I got a bit confused by these comments when trying to debug this code,
let's try clearing them up a little.

* Revert "Revert "Change all ocurrences of '$runtimeType#$hashCode' to use the idAndType method. (#10871)" (#10880)"

This reverts commit ceb814aa.

Revert "Change all ocurrences of '$runtimeType#$hashCode' to use the idAndType method. (#10871)" (#10880)

This reverts commit d46e208b.

* Change all instances of '$runtimeType#$hashCode' to use the describeIdentity method.

The describeIdentity method generates a shorter description with a consistent length
consisting of the runtime type and the a 5 hex character long truncated
version of the hash code.

Minor fixes throughout, e.g. removing trailing commas from the end of sample code expressions, changing headings to "sample code" more consistently, removing stale todos, fix typos in a private method name, minor grammar fixes, added some clarifications to CircularProgressIndicator, LinearProgressIndicator, CrossAxisAlignment, added some cross-references to various members, made it slightly clearer that layout algorithms are implementation details.

Clarified "elevation" throughout.

Added docs to InkResponse and InkWell.

Added sample code for: SliverAppBar, Card, ListTile, EdgeInsets, Row, Column, CustomScrollView, ListView, SliverFixedExtentList, and SliverGrid.

Fixes #10317.
Fixes #10316.
Fixes #10267. (sort of, see comment therein)
Fixes #9331. (sort of, see comment therein)
Fixes #9407. (sort of, see comment therein)

This patch finishes documenting all the symbols except for those related to
scrolling.

* more widget const constructors

* prefer const constructors

* address review comments

* make @immutable const

* fix build

We now attempt to explain what went wrong.

Fixes #9509