* Fix plugin template

* Add test of plugin template working

`flutter build aar`

This new build command works just like `flutter build apk` or `flutter build appbundle`, but for plugin and module projects.

This PR also refactors how plugins are included in app or module projects. By building the plugins as AARs, the Android Gradle plugin is able to use Jetifier to translate support libraries into AndroidX libraries for all the plugin's native code. Thus, reducing the error rate when using AndroidX in apps.

This change also allows to build modules as AARs, so developers can take these artifacts and distribute them along with the native host app without the need of the Flutter tool. This is a requirement for add to app.

`flutter build aar` generates POM artifacts (XML files) which contain metadata about the native dependencies used by the plugin. This allows Gradle to resolve dependencies at the app level. The result of this new build command is a single build/outputs/repo, the local repository that contains all the generated AARs and POM files.

In a Flutter app project, this local repo is used by the Flutter Gradle plugin to resolve the plugin dependencies. In add to app case, the developer needs to configure the local repo and the dependency manually in `build.gradle`:


repositories {
    maven {
        url "<path-to-flutter-module>build/host/outputs/repo"
    }
}

dependencies {
    implementation("<package-name>:flutter_<build-mode>:1.0@aar") {
       transitive = true
    }
}

This reverts commit 11460b83.

`flutter build aar`

This new build command works just like `flutter build apk` or `flutter build appbundle`, but for plugin and module projects.

This PR also refactors how plugins are included in app or module projects. By building the plugins as AARs, the Android Gradle plugin is able to use Jetifier to translate support libraries into AndroidX libraries for all the plugin's native code. Thus, reducing the error rate when using AndroidX in apps.

This change also allows to build modules as AARs, so developers can take these artifacts and distribute them along with the native host app without the need of the Flutter tool. This is a requirement for add to app.

`flutter build aar` generates POM artifacts (XML files) which contain metadata about the native dependencies used by the plugin. This allows Gradle to resolve dependencies at the app level. The result of this new build command is a single build/outputs/repo, the local repository that contains all the generated AARs and POM files.

In a Flutter app project, this local repo is used by the Flutter Gradle plugin to resolve the plugin dependencies. In add to app case, the developer needs to configure the local repo and the dependency manually in `build.gradle`:


repositories {
    maven {
        url "<path-to-flutter-module>build/host/outputs/repo"
    }
}

dependencies {
    implementation("<package-name>:flutter_<build-mode>:1.0@aar") {
       transitive = true
    }
}

* Updating dart.dev related links

* Update packages/flutter_tools/lib/src/base/context.dart

This reverts commit 30f33d6c.

Fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/26544

Fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/25703

* Remove *.lock from gitignore

* Remove pubspec.lock from gitignore

We hypothesize that many first-time users creating a new project will look at the README.md as a starting point for "what next". As we've updated our documentation particularly for new users, having better links to our codelabs and cookbooks will help them be productive.

* Update IntelliJ project template files

* Add ignored file

* Fix test

* Restore comma

* Document module pubspec

* update doc on plugin template

* clarify language

This reverts commit 751c083f.

Our buildbots need to be upgraded to a newer version of the Android SDK.

This renames the "module" template to the "application" template, and makes "application" the default. The existing "app" template is now deprecated.

flutter create also now recognizes the type of project in an existing directory, and is able to recreate it without having the template type explicitly specified (although you can still do that). It does this now by first looking in the .metadata file for the new project_type field, and if it doesn't find that, then it looks at the directory structure. Also, the .metadata file is now overwritten even on an existing directory so that 1) the project_type can be added to legacy projects, and 2) the version of Flutter that updated the project last is updated.

I also cleaned up a bunch of things in create_test.dart, added many more tests, and added an example test to the test/ directory in the generated output of the application template.

Fixes #22530
Fixes #22344

* Reland "Roll engine to version b148e628ec86b3a9a0382e0bcfae73f0390a8232 (#20427)"

This is a re-land with downgraded `package:flutter_gallery_assets`
version.

* Downgrade package:flutter_gallery_assets to 0.1.4

* Change engine.version to 81baff97c29bb08cbf8453a3f9042c5813f84ad3 (which contains an additional fix)

* Change engine.version to e3687f70c7ece72000b32ee1b3c02755ba5361ac (since mac tarballs are corrupted on earlier commit)

Reason for revert: The package:flutter_gallery_assets has removed some images which are required for the examples/flutter_gallery, so the gallery build is failing (only discovered after landing, since gallery doesn't seem to get built during github PR presubmit checks)

This CL

  * rolls `engine.version` to flutter/engine@b148e628 (which includes dart sdk 2.1.0-dev)
  * rolls `goldens.version` to flutter/goldens@6c45fafdf (which includes updates due to skia changes in engine)
  * changes `platform.dill` to `platform_strong.dill` in various places due to flutter/engine@a84b210b
  * adds explicit `environment: sdk: ">=2.0.0-dev.68 < 3.0.0"` constraints to `pubspec.yaml` and `pubspec.yaml.tmpl` files (since pub defaults to `<2.0.0` if omitted) 
  * upgrades to newer versions of various 3rd party packages (to ensure transitive dependencies have `<3.0.0` sdk constraint)

* Fix readme link to plugin edit instructions

* Fix flutter tools link

This reverts commit 59bb2dba.

This reverts commit 0f557e72.

This reverts commit dac1baf4.

* Update template .gitignore rules

* Remove old packages rule

* Remove IDE folders from gitignore templates

* Prefer ios.tmpl/.gitignore

Dart is migrating to .dart_tool/ as the location for cached artifacts
and other temporary files generated by tooling in the SDK. As part of
this, pub will be migrating from .pub to .dart_tool/pub.

In future, this path will also be used for other tooling, such as package:build.

* update the IntelliJ metedata templates

* fix test expectation

These URLs all automatically redirect HTTP to HTTPS so makes sense to point users at the secure versions.