For consistency.

Fixes #4142

Fixes #4114

* LayoutBuilder Widget

Fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/3493

 - rebuild stateless widgets that have dependencies when their ancestors change but they don't

Fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/3120

 - rebuild widgets that tried to inherit from a widget that didn't exist, when the widget is added

This adds a pointer and a bool to Element, which isn't great. It also adds a more or less complete tree walk when you add a new Inherited widget at the top of your tree, which isn't cheap.

* Refactor widget test framework

Instead of:

```dart
  test("Card Collection smoke test", () {
    testWidgets((WidgetTester tester) {
```

...you now say:

```dart
  testWidgets("Card Collection smoke test", (WidgetTester tester) {
```

Instead of:

```dart
  expect(tester, hasWidget(find.text('hello')));
```

...you now say:

```dart
  expect(find.text('hello'), findsOneWidget);
```

Instead of the previous API (exists, widgets, widget, stateOf,
elementOf, etc), you now have the following comprehensive API. All these
are functions that take a Finder, except the all* properties.

* `any()` - true if anything matches, c.f. `Iterable.any`
* `allWidgets` - all the widgets in the tree
* `widget()` - the one and only widget that matches the finder
* `firstWidget()` - the first widget that matches the finder
* `allElements` - all the elements in the tree
* `element()` - the one and only element that matches the finder
* `firstElement()` - the first element that matches the finder
* `allStates` - all the `State`s in the tree
* `state()` - the one and only state that matches the finder
* `firstState()` - the first state that matches the finder
* `allRenderObjects` - all the render objects in the tree
* `renderObject()` - the one and only render object that matches the finder
* `firstRenderObject()` - the first render object that matches the finder

There's also `layers' which returns the list of current layers.

`tap`, `fling`, getCenter, getSize, etc, take Finders, like the APIs
above, and expect there to only be one matching widget.

The finders are:

 * `find.text(String text)`
 * `find.widgetWithText(Type widgetType, String text)`
 * `find.byKey(Key key)`
 * `find.byType(Type type)`
 * `find.byElementType(Type type)`
 * `find.byConfig(Widget config)`
 * `find.byWidgetPredicate(WidgetPredicate predicate)`
 * `find.byElementPredicate(ElementPredicate predicate)`

The matchers (for `expect`) are:

 * `findsNothing`
 * `findsWidgets`
 * `findsOneWidget`
 * `findsNWidgets(n)`
 * `isOnStage`
 * `isOffStage`
 * `isInCard`
 * `isNotInCard`

Benchmarks now use benchmarkWidgets instead of testWidgets.

Also, for those of you using mockers, `serviceMocker` now automatically
handles the binding initialization.

This patch also:

* changes how tests are run so that we can more easily swap the logic
  out for a "real" mode instead of FakeAsync.

* introduces CachingIterable.

* changes how flutter_driver interacts with the widget tree to use the
  aforementioned new API rather than ElementTreeTester, which is gone.

* removes ElementTreeTester.

* changes the semantics of a test for scrollables because we couldn't
  convince ourselves that the old semantics made sense; it only worked
  before because flushing the microtasks after every event was broken.

* fixes the flushing of microtasks after every event.

* Reindent the tests

* Fix review comments

Some inherited widgets want to call this function direction, for example to
notify children when a mutable model object changes. Exposing this function to
subclasses of InheritedWidget is clear then forcing them to compute
updateShouldNotify for mutable model objects.

Previously we were locking down the state even when calling layout in
LazyBlock. Now we lock only when building children. Making this work well
involved moving the catch out of lockState and into the few callers who
actually wanted it.

Fixes #3534

This adds in particular the ability to track the time at which the
framework boots up, and the time at which we are confident we have
completed the first useful frame.

Bindings now have a debugRegisterServiceExtensions() method that is
invoked in debug mode (only). (Once we have a profile mode, there'll be
a registerProfileServiceExtensions() method that gets called in that
mode only to register extensions that apply then.)

The BindingBase class provides convenience methods for registering
service extensions that do the equivalent of:

```dart
void extension() { ... }
bool extension([bool enabled]) { ... }
double extension([double extension])  { ... }
Map<String, String> extension([Map<String, String> parameters]) { ... }
```

The BindingBase class also itself registers ext.flutter.reassemble,
which it has call a function on the binding called
reassembleApplication().

The Scheduler binding now exposes the preexisting
ext.flutter.timeDilation.

The Renderer binding now exposes the preexisting ext.flutter.debugPaint.

The Renderer binding hooks reassembleApplication to trigger the
rendering tree to be reprocessed (in particular, to fix up the
optimisation closures).

All the logic from rendering/debug.dart about service extensions is
replaced by the above.

I moved basic_types to foundation.

The FlutterWidgets binding hooks reassembleApplication to trigger the
widget tree to be entirely rebuilt.

Flutter Driver now uses ext.flutter.driver instead of
ext.flutter_driver, and is hooked using the same binding mechanism.
Eventually we'll probably move the logic into the Flutter library so
that you just get it without having to invoke a special method first.

+ Add new demo to gallery to show data tables. (This currently doesn't
use a Card; I'll create a Card version in a subsequent patch.)

+ Fix checkbox alignment. It now centers in its box regardless.

+ Add Colors.black54.

+ Some minor fixes to dartdocs.

+ DataTable, DataColumn, DataRow, DataCell

+ RowInkWell

+ Augment dartdocs of materia/debug.dart.

+ DropDownButtonHideUnderline to hide the underline in a drop-down when
  used in a DataTable.

+ Add new capabilities to InkResponse to support RowInkWell.

+ Augment dartdocs of materia/material.dart.

+ Add an assert to catch nested Blocks.

+ Fix a crash in RenderBox when you remove an object and an ancestor
  used its baseline. (https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/2874)

+ Fix (and redocument) RenderBaseline/Baseline.

+ Add flex support to IntrinsicColumnWidth.

+ Document more stuff on the RenderTable side.

+ Fix a bug with parentData handling on RenderTable children.

+ Completely rewrite the column width computations. The old logic made
  no sense at all.

+ Add dartdocs to widgets/debug.dart.

+ Add a toString for TableRow.

We're getting back to the point where we have a bunch of foundation APIs
and it's getting confusing having them mixed with services/.

With the new dev build we've got the updated linter and so can use the `@optionalTypeArgs` annotation (in `meta 0.12.0`).

Bonus: this lets us clean up one more Regexp in the `analyze` command! :)

Previously, we lost sync with the tab view contents when switching tabs. Now we
key the subtrees to make sure they keep their state across tab animations.

Fixes #3147

Also, port the MixedViewport tests to LazyBlockViewport. Fix bugs found by the tests.

LazyBlock is intended as a replacement for MixedViewport. Rather than

maintaining a table of all the observed child sizes (like

MixedViewport), LazyBlock works by dead reckoning the location of the

children based on the existing viewport. This approach makes it easier

to resize children because LazyBlock doesn't cache any additional

information that would need to be invalidated.



This patch contains a first draft of LazyBlock that works in a simple

usage scenario. Subsequent patches will replace

ScrollableMixedWidgetList with LazyBlock and port the existing

ScrollableMixedWidgetList tests over to LazyBlock.



Related to #3075

- Create a FlutterErrorDetails struct-like class that describes an

  exception along with more details that aren't in the exception, like

  where it was caught and what was going on when it was caught.



- Provide a FlutterError static API for handling these objects:



  - FlutterError.onError which is called whenever Flutter catches an

    error.



  - FlutterError.reportError() which handles an error.



  - FlutterError.dumpErrorToConsole() which is the default behavior

    for onError.



- Removes all the existing exception handler callbacks.



- Replaces all the existing places that described exceptions using

  debugPrint with calls to FlutterError.reportError().



- Extend lockState() to also catch exceptions, so that we catch

  exceptions that happen during finalizers.



- Make the test framework catch errors and treat them as failures.



- Provide a mechanism to override this behavior in the test framework.



- Make the tests that used to depend on the exception handler

  callbacks use this new mechanism.



- Make pump() also support the phase argument.



- Improve some tests using these new features.



Fixes #2356, #2988, #2985, #2220.

The performLayout and build callsite are highly megamorphic because they
dispatch into a large number of clients. However, for a given caller, the
callee is always of the same type, which means the megamorphic lookup exactly
factors by the caller. We can speed up the dispatch by capturing a closure at
initialization and then monomorphically dispatching through the closure.

We now explicitly mention the possibility of a memory leak.

Fixes #2978

Adds BuildOwner to manage the dirty list and build processing for
widgets/elements, and adds a widget unit test to make sure separation
is enforced.

Fixes #2723

Fixes #2901

- Add x and y to the parent data, in case it's useful. In point of fact,
  I ended up not needing it.

- Make columnWidths settable rather than having a setter so that the
  code in the widgets layer is more idiomatic.

- Teach setFlatChildren about avoiding unnecessary drop/adopt loops.

- Assert that the child list length is correct more aggressively so that
  we catch the dumb bug I had more quickly next time.

- Improve the toString() to handle empty tables better.

- Resort the imports in framework.dart.

- Introduce a LocalKey for cases where you don't want to allow use of
  GlobalKey.

- Make inflateWidget and deactivateChild public for subclass use.

- Table widget.

- Cell widget.

- TableRow fake widget.

Fixes #2940

...and fix a typo in a setState assert message.

Previously we updated only the reactivated element's inherited widgets. Now we
update all the inherited widgets for the whole subtree that's being
reactivated. We need to visit the whole subtree anyway, so there isn't much of
a loss.

Fixes #2733
Fixes #2438
Fixes #1701

This patch adds a consistent, simple description for the common pattern of
having a single child widget.

Noticed in #2733

Fixes #2708

This prepares us for depending on the LTR/RTL inherited property in
RenderObjectWidgets.

This patch renames StatelessComponent to StatelessWidget and
StatefulComponent to StatefulWidget.

Fixes #2308