Covers lib/ in package:flutter.

The needsLayout getter is prone to misuse. See discussion on #3083.

Overview
========

This patch refactors images to achieve the following goals:

* it allows references to unresolved assets to be passed
  around (previously, almost every layer of the system had to know about
  whether an image came from an asset bundle or the network or
  elsewhere, and had to manually interact with the image cache).

* it allows decorations to use the same API for declaring images as the
  widget tree.

It requires some minor changes to call sites that use images, as
discussed below.

Widgets
-------

Change this:

```dart
      child: new AssetImage(
        name: 'my_asset.png',
        ...
      )
```

...to this:

```dart
      child: new Image(
        image: new AssetImage('my_asset.png'),
        ...
      )
```

Decorations
-----------

Change this:

```dart
      child: new DecoratedBox(
        decoration: new BoxDecoration(
          backgroundImage: new BackgroundImage(
            image: DefaultAssetBundle.of(context).loadImage('my_asset.png'),
            ...
          ),
          ...
        ),
        child: ...
      )
```

...to this:

```dart
      child: new DecoratedBox(
        decoration: new BoxDecoration(
          backgroundImage: new BackgroundImage(
            image: new AssetImage('my_asset.png'),
            ...
          ),
          ...
        ),
        child: ...
      )
```

DETAILED CHANGE LOG
===================

The following APIs have been replaced in this patch:

* The `AssetImage` and `NetworkImage` widgets have been split in two,
  with identically-named `ImageProvider` subclasses providing the
  image-loading logic, and a single `Image` widget providing all the
  widget tree logic.

* `ImageResource` is now `ImageStream`. Rather than configuring it with
  a `Future<ImageInfo>`, you complete it with an `ImageStreamCompleter`.

* `ImageCache.load` and `ImageCache.loadProvider` are replaced by
  `ImageCache.putIfAbsent`.

The following APIs have changed in this patch:

* `ImageCache` works in terms of arbitrary keys and caches
  `ImageStreamCompleter` objects using those keys. With the new model,
  you should never need to interact with the cache directly.

* `Decoration` can now be `const`. The state has moved to the
  `BoxPainter` class. Instead of a list of listeners, there's now just a
  single callback and a `dispose()` method on the painter. The callback
  is passed in to the `createBoxPainter()` method. When invoked, you
  should repaint the painter.

The following new APIs are introduced:

* `AssetBundle.loadStructuredData`.

* `SynchronousFuture`, a variant of `Future` that calls the `then`
  callback synchronously. This enables the asynchronous and
  synchronous (in-the-cache) code paths to look identical yet for the
  latter to avoid returning to the event loop mid-paint.

* `ExactAssetImage`, a variant of `AssetImage` that doesn't do anything clever.

* `ImageConfiguration`, a class that describes parameters that configure
  the `AssetImage` resolver.

The following APIs are entirely removed by this patch:

* `AssetBundle.loadImage` is gone. Use an `AssetImage` instead.

* `AssetVendor` is gone. `AssetImage` handles everything `AssetVendor`
  used to handle.

* `RawImageResource` and `AsyncImage` are gone.

The following code-level changes are performed:

* `Image`, which replaces `AsyncImage`, `NetworkImage`, `AssetImage`,
  and `RawResourceImage`, lives in `image.dart`.

* `DecoratedBox` and `Container` live in their own file now,
  `container.dart` (they reference `image.dart`).

DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
==============================

* The `ImageConfiguration` fields are mostly aspirational. Right now
  only `devicePixelRatio` and `bundle` are implemented. `locale` isn't
  even plumbed through, it will require work on the localisation logic.

* We should go through and make `BoxDecoration`, `AssetImage`, and
  `NetworkImage` objects `const` where possible.

* This patch makes supporting animated GIFs much easier.

* This patch makes it possible to create an abstract concept of an
  "Icon" that could be either an image or a font-based glyph (using
  `IconData` or similar). (see
  https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/4494)

RELATED ISSUES
==============

Fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/4500
Fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/4495
Obsoletes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/4496

Also, make sure that the parent is notified when they change.

Fixes #2298

All of the public APIs in rendering.dart now have dartdocs.

...and fix some grid and table intrinsic issues it uncovered.

* Fix fallout from intrinsics changes

* Move away from isInfinite in favor of isFinite

There are still many more left before rendering.dart is complete.

It's safe to remove the unneeded `void`s from setters since the blocking issues in the
`always_declare_return_types` lint have been fixed (https://github.com/dart-lang/linter/).  We can also safely flip the bit on  `avoid_return_types_on_setters`.

+ Add new demo to gallery to show data tables. (This currently doesn't
use a Card; I'll create a Card version in a subsequent patch.)

+ Fix checkbox alignment. It now centers in its box regardless.

+ Add Colors.black54.

+ Some minor fixes to dartdocs.

+ DataTable, DataColumn, DataRow, DataCell

+ RowInkWell

+ Augment dartdocs of materia/debug.dart.

+ DropDownButtonHideUnderline to hide the underline in a drop-down when
  used in a DataTable.

+ Add new capabilities to InkResponse to support RowInkWell.

+ Augment dartdocs of materia/material.dart.

+ Add an assert to catch nested Blocks.

+ Fix a crash in RenderBox when you remove an object and an ancestor
  used its baseline. (https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/2874)

+ Fix (and redocument) RenderBaseline/Baseline.

+ Add flex support to IntrinsicColumnWidth.

+ Document more stuff on the RenderTable side.

+ Fix a bug with parentData handling on RenderTable children.

+ Completely rewrite the column width computations. The old logic made
  no sense at all.

+ Add dartdocs to widgets/debug.dart.

+ Add a toString for TableRow.

I ran into a case where I was setting minHeight=∞ and then calling
layout() with that constraint, which is all kinds of bad. To try to
catch this earlier, this patch now provides a way to catch constraints
that are requiring infinite values.

We don't _always_ check this because there are valid uses for
BoxConstraints.biggest, e.g. as an additionalConstraint.

This will let us draw in-row bottom borders and row-wide backgrounds,

both of which are necessary for Material data tables.

- Add x and y to the parent data, in case it's useful. In point of fact,
  I ended up not needing it.

- Make columnWidths settable rather than having a setter so that the
  code in the widgets layer is more idiomatic.

- Teach setFlatChildren about avoiding unnecessary drop/adopt loops.

- Assert that the child list length is correct more aggressively so that
  we catch the dumb bug I had more quickly next time.

- Improve the toString() to handle empty tables better.

- Resort the imports in framework.dart.

- Introduce a LocalKey for cases where you don't want to allow use of
  GlobalKey.

- Make inflateWidget and deactivateChild public for subclass use.

- Table widget.

- Cell widget.

- TableRow fake widget.