[Material] Update slider and slider theme with new sizes, shapes, and color mappings (2nd attempt) (#31564)

#30390 was rolled back. This PR will re-roll it forward.

This PR makes a number of changes to the visual appearance of material sliders:

Sizes/Shapes
** enabled thumb radius from 6 to 10
** disabled thumb radius from 4 to 10 with no gap
** default track shape is a rounded rect rather than a rect
**
Colors
** all of the colors now use the new color scheme
** overlay opacity has been reduce from 16% to 12%
** value indicator text color now respects the indicator it is on by using onPrimary
** disabledThumb color no respects the surface it is on by using onSurface
The slider theme is also now constructed consistently with other theme objects within the ThemeData. By default, all values are null, and have default values that are resolved in the slider itself, rather than in the slider theme.