The last

Question1/using_MPI/Makefile

+# Makefile for MPI program
+
+# Source file
+SRC = area.c
+
+# Number of processes
+NP = 8
+
+# Compiler
+CC = mpicc
+
+# Executable name
+EXE = ./out
+
+all: $(EXE)
+
+$(EXE): $(SRC)
+	$(CC) -o $(EXE) $(SRC) 
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(EXE)
+
+run:
+	mpirun -np $(NP) -f mpi_hosts $(EXE)

Question1/using_MPI/area.c

+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <mpi.h>
+
+// Function to calculate the partial area under the curve X^2 for a given range
+double calculate_partial_area(double start, double end, int num_steps, int rank, int size) {
+    double width = (end - start) / num_steps;
+    double partial_area = 0.0;
+
+    // Loop over the subintervals assigned to the current process
+    for (int i = rank; i < num_steps; i += size) {
+        double x_start = start + i * width;
+        double x_end = x_start + width;
+        double height_start = x_start * x_start;
+        double height_end = x_end * x_end;
+
+        // Use trapezoidal rule for integration
+        partial_area += 0.5 * (height_start + height_end) * width;
+    }
+
+    double total_area;
+
+    // Use MPI_Reduce to sum up the partial areas from all processes
+    MPI_Reduce(&partial_area, &total_area, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_SUM, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
+
+    return total_area;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+    MPI_Init(&argc, &argv);
+
+    int rank, size;
+    MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &rank);
+    MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &size);
+
+    int num_steps = 1000000;  // Adjust based on the required precision
+
+    // Measure execution time
+    double start_time = MPI_Wtime();
+
+    // Calculate the total area using MPI parallelization with trapezoidal rule
+    double total_area = calculate_partial_area(0.0, 1.0, num_steps, rank, size);
+
+    // Stop measuring time
+    double end_time = MPI_Wtime();
+    double elapsed_time = end_time - start_time;
+
+    if (rank == 0) {
+        // Print the results at the root process
+        printf("Total Area (MPI): %f\n", total_area);
+        printf("Time (MPI): %f seconds\n", elapsed_time);
+    }
+
+    MPI_Finalize();
+
+    return 0;
+}

Question1/using_MPI/mpi_hosts

+master
+slave1 user=mpiuser
+slave2 user=mpiuser
\ No newline at end of file

Question1/using_OpenMP/Makefile

+# Makefile 
+
+# Source file
+SRC = area.c
+
+# Compiler
+CC = gcc
+
+# Executable name
+EXE = ./out
+
+all: $(EXE) 
+
+$(EXE): $(SRC)
+	$(CC) -fopenmp -o $(EXE) $(SRC) 
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(EXE)
+
+run:
+	$(EXE) 

Question1/using_OpenMP/area.c

+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <omp.h>
+
+// Function to calculate the partial area under the curve X^2 for a given range
+double calculate_partial_area(double start, double end, int num_steps) {
+    double width = (end - start) / num_steps;
+    double partial_area = 0.0;
+
+    // Parallel loop with reduction to calculate partial areas for each thread
+    #pragma omp parallel for reduction(+:partial_area)
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_steps; i++) {
+        double x = start + i * width;
+        double height = x * x;
+        partial_area += height * width;
+    }
+
+    return partial_area;
+}
+
+int main() {
+    int num_steps = 1000000;  // Adjust based on the required precision
+
+    // Measure execution time
+    double start_time = omp_get_wtime();
+
+    // Calculate the total area using OpenMP parallelization and reduction
+    double total_area = calculate_partial_area(0.0, 1.0, num_steps);
+
+    // Stop measuring time
+    double end_time = omp_get_wtime();
+    double elapsed_time = end_time - start_time;
+
+    // Print the results
+    printf("Total Area (OpenMP): %f\n", total_area);
+    printf("Time (OpenMP): %f seconds\n", elapsed_time);
+
+    return 0;
+}

Question1/using_hybrid/Makefile

+# Makefile for MPI + OpenMP program
+
+# Source file
+SRC = area.c
+
+# Number of processes
+NP = 4
+
+# Compiler
+CC = mpicc
+
+# Executable name
+EXE = ./out
+
+all: $(EXE)
+
+$(EXE): $(SRC)
+	$(CC) -o $(EXE) -fopenmp $(SRC)
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(EXE)
+
+mpihost:
+	mpirun --hostfile mpihost -np $(NP) hostname > mpihost
+
+run: mpihost
+	mpirun -np $(NP) -hostfile mpihost $(EXE)
+

Question1/using_hybrid/area.c

+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <mpi.h>
+#include <omp.h>
+
+// Function to calculate the partial area under the curve X^2 for a given range
+double calculate_partial_area(double start, double end, int num_steps, int rank, int size) {
+    double width = (end - start) / num_steps;
+    double partial_area = 0.0;
+
+    // Use OpenMP parallelization within each MPI process
+    #pragma omp parallel reduction(+:partial_area)
+    {
+        // Get the number of threads and the ID of each thread
+        int num_threads = omp_get_num_threads();
+        int thread_id = omp_get_thread_num();
+
+        // Loop over the subintervals assigned to the current thread within the MPI process
+        for (int i = thread_id + rank * num_threads; i < num_steps; i += size * num_threads) {
+            double x = start + i * width;
+            double height = x * x;
+            partial_area += height * width;
+        }
+    }
+
+    double total_area;
+
+    // Use MPI_Reduce to sum up the partial areas from all MPI processes
+    MPI_Reduce(&partial_area, &total_area, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_SUM, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
+
+    return total_area;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+    MPI_Init(&argc, &argv);
+
+    int rank, size;
+    MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &rank);
+    MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &size);
+
+    int num_steps = 1000000;  // Adjust based on the required precision
+
+    // Measure execution time
+    double start_time = MPI_Wtime();
+
+    // Calculate the total area using MPI + OpenMP hybrid parallelization
+    double total_area = calculate_partial_area(0.0, 1.0, num_steps, rank, size);
+
+    // Stop measuring time
+    double end_time = MPI_Wtime();
+    double elapsed_time = end_time - start_time;
+
+    if (rank == 0) {
+        // Print the results at the root process
+        printf("Total Area (MPI + OpenMP): %f\n", total_area);
+        printf("Time (MPI + OpenMP): %f seconds\n", elapsed_time);
+    }
+
+    MPI_Finalize();
+
+    return 0;
+}

Question1/using_hybrid/mpihost

+master
+master
+master
+master