Add optional axis specifier to static scrollable methods (#124894)

This is motivated by part of the 2D scrolling proposal: [flutter.dev/go/2D-Foundation](https://flutter.dev/go/2D-Foundation)

This is one of the last little PRs to prep for the 2D scrolling foundation. 
This adds an optional `axis` parameter to the static Scrollable methods `[of, maybeOf, recommendDeferredLoadingForContext]`. This allows developers that are nesting scrollables (or one day using 2D scrolling) to look them up instead by a particular axis.

In general, even outside the context of 2D, I think this is helpful. I am often asked how to get the outer scrollable when nesting. Now it can be done.

There is also a small semantic refactor here in ScrollableState.build, this just creates a private method (_buildChrome) that will be overridden in 2D later. It is easier to add now than in the really big PR that will be.

packages/flutter/lib/src/widgets/scrollable.dart

@@ -300,16 +300,35 @@ class Scrollable extends StatefulWidget {
   /// ScrollableState? scrollable = Scrollable.maybeOf(context);
   /// ```
   ///
-  /// Calling this method will create a dependency on the closest [Scrollable]
-  /// in the [context], if there is one.
+  /// Calling this method will create a dependency on the [ScrollableState]
+  /// that is returned, if there is one. This is typically the closest
+  /// [Scrollable], but may be a more distant ancestor if [axis] is used to
+  /// target a specific [Scrollable].
+  ///
+  /// Using the optional [Axis] is useful when Scrollables are nested and the
+  /// target [Scrollable] is not the closest instance. When [axis] is provided,
+  /// the nearest enclosing [ScrollableState] in that [Axis] is returned, or
+  /// null if there is none.
   ///
   /// See also:
   ///
   /// * [Scrollable.of], which is similar to this method, but asserts
   ///   if no [Scrollable] ancestor is found.
-  static ScrollableState? maybeOf(BuildContext context) {
-    final _ScrollableScope? widget = context.dependOnInheritedWidgetOfExactType<_ScrollableScope>();
-    return widget?.scrollable;
+  static ScrollableState? maybeOf(BuildContext context, { Axis? axis }) {
+    // This is the context that will need to establish the dependency.
+    final BuildContext originalContext = context;
+    InheritedElement? element = context.getElementForInheritedWidgetOfExactType<_ScrollableScope>();
+    while (element != null) {
+      final ScrollableState scrollable = (element.widget as _ScrollableScope).scrollable;
+      if (axis == null || axisDirectionToAxis(scrollable.axisDirection) == axis) {
+        // Establish the dependency on the correct context.
+        originalContext.dependOnInheritedElement(element);
+        return scrollable;
+      }
+      context = scrollable.context;
+      element = context.getElementForInheritedWidgetOfExactType<_ScrollableScope>();
+    }
+    return null;
   }
 
   /// The state from the closest instance of this class that encloses the given
@@ -321,8 +340,14 @@ class Scrollable extends StatefulWidget {
   /// ScrollableState scrollable = Scrollable.of(context);
   /// ```
   ///
-  /// Calling this method will create a dependency on the closest [Scrollable]
-  /// in the [context].
+  /// Calling this method will create a dependency on the [ScrollableState]
+  /// that is returned, if there is one. This is typically the closest
+  /// [Scrollable], but may be a more distant ancestor if [axis] is used to
+  /// target a specific [Scrollable].
+  ///
+  /// Using the optional [Axis] is useful when Scrollables are nested and the
+  /// target [Scrollable] is not the closest instance. When [axis] is provided,
+  /// the nearest enclosing [ScrollableState] in that [Axis] is returned.
   ///
   /// If no [Scrollable] ancestor is found, then this method will assert in
   /// debug mode, and throw an exception in release mode.
@@ -331,20 +356,29 @@ class Scrollable extends StatefulWidget {
   ///
   /// * [Scrollable.maybeOf], which is similar to this method, but returns null
   ///   if no [Scrollable] ancestor is found.
-  static ScrollableState of(BuildContext context) {
-    final ScrollableState? scrollableState = maybeOf(context);
+  static ScrollableState of(BuildContext context, { Axis? axis }) {
+    final ScrollableState? scrollableState = maybeOf(context, axis: axis);
     assert(() {
       if (scrollableState == null) {
-        throw FlutterError(
+        throw FlutterError.fromParts(<DiagnosticsNode>[
+          ErrorSummary(
             'Scrollable.of() was called with a context that does not contain a '
-          'Scrollable widget.\n'
-          'No Scrollable widget ancestor could be found starting from the '
-          'context that was passed to Scrollable.of(). This can happen '
-          'because you are using a widget that looks for a Scrollable '
+            'Scrollable widget.',
+          ),
+          ErrorDescription(
+            'No Scrollable widget ancestor could be found '
+            '${axis == null ? '' : 'for the provided Axis: $axis '}'
+            'starting from the context that was passed to Scrollable.of(). This '
+            'can happen because you are using a widget that looks for a Scrollable '
             'ancestor, but no such ancestor exists.\n'
             'The context used was:\n'
             '  $context',
-        );
+          ),
+          if (axis != null) ErrorHint(
+            'When specifying an axis, this method will only look for a Scrollable '
+            'that matches the given Axis.',
+          ),
+        ]);
       }
       return true;
     }());
@@ -362,15 +396,24 @@ class Scrollable extends StatefulWidget {
   /// via [ScrollPhysics.recommendDeferredLoading]. That method is called with
   /// the current [ScrollPosition.activity]'s [ScrollActivity.velocity].
   ///
+  /// The optional [Axis] allows targeting of a specific [Scrollable] of that
+  /// axis, useful when Scrollables are nested. When [axis] is provided,
+  /// [ScrollPosition.recommendDeferredLoading] is called for the nearest
+  /// [Scrollable] in that [Axis].
+  ///
   /// If there is no [Scrollable] in the widget tree above the [context], this
   /// method returns false.
-  static bool recommendDeferredLoadingForContext(BuildContext context) {
-    final _ScrollableScope? widget = context.getInheritedWidgetOfExactType<_ScrollableScope>();
-    if (widget == null) {
-      return false;
-    }
+  static bool recommendDeferredLoadingForContext(BuildContext context, { Axis? axis }) {
+    _ScrollableScope? widget = context.getInheritedWidgetOfExactType<_ScrollableScope>();
+    while (widget != null) {
+      if (axis == null || axisDirectionToAxis(widget.scrollable.axisDirection) == axis) {
         return widget.position.recommendDeferredLoading(context);
       }
+      context = widget.scrollable.context;
+      widget = context.getInheritedWidgetOfExactType<_ScrollableScope>();
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
 
   /// Scrolls the scrollables that enclose the given context so as to make the
   /// given context visible.
@@ -855,6 +898,20 @@ class ScrollableState extends State<Scrollable> with TickerProviderStateMixin, R
     return false;
   }
 
+  Widget _buildChrome(BuildContext context, Widget child) {
+    final ScrollableDetails details = ScrollableDetails(
+      direction: widget.axisDirection,
+      controller: _effectiveScrollController,
+      decorationClipBehavior: widget.clipBehavior,
+    );
+
+    return _configuration.buildScrollbar(
+      context,
+      _configuration.buildOverscrollIndicator(context, child, details),
+      details,
+    );
+  }
+
   // DESCRIPTION
 
   @override
@@ -904,17 +961,7 @@ class ScrollableState extends State<Scrollable> with TickerProviderStateMixin, R
       );
     }
 
-    final ScrollableDetails details = ScrollableDetails(
-      direction: widget.axisDirection,
-      controller: _effectiveScrollController,
-      decorationClipBehavior: widget.clipBehavior,
-    );
-
-    result = _configuration.buildScrollbar(
-      context,
-      _configuration.buildOverscrollIndicator(context, result, details),
-      details,
-    );
+    result = _buildChrome(context, result);
 
     // Selection is only enabled when there is a parent registrar.
     final SelectionRegistrar? registrar = SelectionContainer.maybeOf(context);

packages/flutter/test/widgets/scrollable_of_test.dart

@@ -39,7 +39,87 @@ class _ScrollPositionListenerState extends State<ScrollPositionListener> {
   void listener() {
     widget.log('listener ${_position?.pixels.toStringAsFixed(1)}');
   }
+}
+
+class TestScrollController extends ScrollController {
+  TestScrollController({ required this.deferLoading });
+
+  final bool deferLoading;
+
+  @override
+  ScrollPosition createScrollPosition(ScrollPhysics physics, ScrollContext context, ScrollPosition? oldPosition) {
+    return TestScrollPosition(
+      physics: physics,
+      context: context,
+      oldPosition: oldPosition,
+      deferLoading: deferLoading,
+    );
+  }
+}
 
+class TestScrollPosition extends ScrollPositionWithSingleContext {
+  TestScrollPosition({
+    required super.physics,
+    required super.context,
+    super.oldPosition,
+    required this.deferLoading,
+  });
+
+  final bool deferLoading;
+
+  @override
+  bool recommendDeferredLoading(BuildContext context) => deferLoading;
+}
+
+class TestScrollable extends StatefulWidget {
+  const TestScrollable({ super.key, required this.child });
+
+  final Widget child;
+
+  @override
+  State<StatefulWidget> createState() => TestScrollableState();
+}
+
+class TestScrollableState extends State<TestScrollable> {
+  int dependenciesChanged = 0;
+
+  @override
+  void didChangeDependencies() {
+    dependenciesChanged += 1;
+    super.didChangeDependencies();
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
+    return widget.child;
+  }
+}
+
+class TestChild extends StatefulWidget {
+  const TestChild({ super.key });
+
+  @override
+  State<TestChild> createState() => TestChildState();
+}
+
+class TestChildState extends State<TestChild> {
+  int dependenciesChanged = 0;
+  late ScrollableState scrollable;
+
+  @override
+  void didChangeDependencies() {
+    dependenciesChanged += 1;
+    scrollable = Scrollable.of(context, axis: Axis.horizontal);
+    super.didChangeDependencies();
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
+    return SizedBox.square(
+      dimension: 1000,
+      child: Text(scrollable.axisDirection.toString()),
+    );
+  }
 }
 
 void main() {
@@ -102,4 +182,75 @@ void main() {
     final StatefulElement scrollableElement = find.byType(Scrollable).evaluate().first as StatefulElement;
     expect(Scrollable.of(notification.context!), equals(scrollableElement.state));
   });
+
+  testWidgets('Static Scrollable methods can target a specific axis', (WidgetTester tester) async {
+    final TestScrollController horizontalController = TestScrollController(deferLoading: true);
+    final TestScrollController verticalController = TestScrollController(deferLoading: false);
+    late final AxisDirection foundAxisDirection;
+    late final bool foundRecommendation;
+
+    await tester.pumpWidget(Directionality(
+      textDirection: TextDirection.ltr,
+      child: SingleChildScrollView(
+        scrollDirection: Axis.horizontal,
+        controller: horizontalController,
+        child: SingleChildScrollView(
+          controller: verticalController,
+          child: Builder(
+            builder: (BuildContext context) {
+              foundAxisDirection = Scrollable.of(
+                context,
+                axis: Axis.horizontal,
+              ).axisDirection;
+              foundRecommendation = Scrollable.recommendDeferredLoadingForContext(
+                context,
+                axis: Axis.horizontal,
+              );
+              return const SizedBox(height: 1200.0, width: 1200.0);
+            }
+          ),
+        ),
+      ),
+    ));
+    await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+
+    expect(foundAxisDirection, AxisDirection.right);
+    expect(foundRecommendation, isTrue);
+  });
+
+  testWidgets('Axis targeting scrollables establishes the correct dependencies', (WidgetTester tester) async {
+    final GlobalKey<TestScrollableState> verticalKey = GlobalKey<TestScrollableState>();
+    final GlobalKey<TestChildState> childKey = GlobalKey<TestChildState>();
+
+    await tester.pumpWidget(Directionality(
+      textDirection: TextDirection.ltr,
+      child: SingleChildScrollView(
+        scrollDirection: Axis.horizontal,
+        child: TestScrollable(
+          key: verticalKey,
+          child: TestChild(key: childKey),
+        ),
+      ),
+    ));
+    await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+
+    expect(verticalKey.currentState!.dependenciesChanged, 1);
+    expect(childKey.currentState!.dependenciesChanged, 1);
+
+    // Change the horizontal ScrollView, adding a controller
+    await tester.pumpWidget(Directionality(
+      textDirection: TextDirection.ltr,
+      child: SingleChildScrollView(
+        scrollDirection: Axis.horizontal,
+        controller: ScrollController(),
+        child: TestScrollable(
+          key: verticalKey,
+          child: TestChild(key: childKey),
+        ),
+      ),
+    ));
+    await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+    expect(verticalKey.currentState!.dependenciesChanged, 1);
+    expect(childKey.currentState!.dependenciesChanged, 2);
+  });
 }