// Copyright 2014 The Flutter Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

import 'dart:math' show max;
import 'dart:ui' as ui show
  BoxHeightStyle,
  BoxWidthStyle,
  GlyphInfo,
  LineMetrics,
  Paragraph,
  ParagraphBuilder,
  ParagraphConstraints,
  ParagraphStyle,
  PlaceholderAlignment,
  TextStyle;

import 'package:flutter/foundation.dart';
import 'package:flutter/services.dart';

import 'basic_types.dart';
import 'inline_span.dart';
import 'placeholder_span.dart';
import 'strut_style.dart';
import 'text_scaler.dart';
import 'text_span.dart';
import 'text_style.dart';

export 'dart:ui' show LineMetrics;
export 'package:flutter/services.dart' show TextRange, TextSelection;

/// The default font size if none is specified.
///
/// This should be kept in sync with the defaults set in the engine (e.g.,
/// LibTxt's text_style.h, paragraph_style.h).
const double kDefaultFontSize = 14.0;

/// How overflowing text should be handled.
///
/// A [TextOverflow] can be passed to [Text] and [RichText] via their
/// [Text.overflow] and [RichText.overflow] properties respectively.
enum TextOverflow {
  /// Clip the overflowing text to fix its container.
  clip,

  /// Fade the overflowing text to transparent.
  fade,

  /// Use an ellipsis to indicate that the text has overflowed.
  ellipsis,

  /// Render overflowing text outside of its container.
  visible,
}

/// Holds the [Size] and baseline required to represent the dimensions of
/// a placeholder in text.
///
/// Placeholders specify an empty space in the text layout, which is used
/// to later render arbitrary inline widgets into defined by a [WidgetSpan].
///
/// See also:
///
///  * [WidgetSpan], a subclass of [InlineSpan] and [PlaceholderSpan] that
///    represents an inline widget embedded within text. The space this
///    widget takes is indicated by a placeholder.
///  * [RichText], a text widget that supports text inline widgets.
@immutable
class PlaceholderDimensions {
  /// Constructs a [PlaceholderDimensions] with the specified parameters.
  ///
  /// The `size` and `alignment` are required as a placeholder's dimensions
  /// require at least `size` and `alignment` to be fully defined.
  const PlaceholderDimensions({
    required this.size,
    required this.alignment,
    this.baseline,
    this.baselineOffset,
  });

  /// A constant representing an empty placeholder.
  static const PlaceholderDimensions empty = PlaceholderDimensions(size: Size.zero, alignment: ui.PlaceholderAlignment.bottom);

  /// Width and height dimensions of the placeholder.
  final Size size;

  /// How to align the placeholder with the text.
  ///
  /// See also:
  ///
  ///  * [baseline], the baseline to align to when using
  ///    [dart:ui.PlaceholderAlignment.baseline],
  ///    [dart:ui.PlaceholderAlignment.aboveBaseline],
  ///    or [dart:ui.PlaceholderAlignment.belowBaseline].
  ///  * [baselineOffset], the distance of the alphabetic baseline from the upper
  ///    edge of the placeholder.
  final ui.PlaceholderAlignment alignment;

  /// Distance of the [baseline] from the upper edge of the placeholder.
  ///
  /// Only used when [alignment] is [ui.PlaceholderAlignment.baseline].
  final double? baselineOffset;

  /// The [TextBaseline] to align to. Used with:
  ///
  ///  * [ui.PlaceholderAlignment.baseline]
  ///  * [ui.PlaceholderAlignment.aboveBaseline]
  ///  * [ui.PlaceholderAlignment.belowBaseline]
  ///  * [ui.PlaceholderAlignment.middle]
  final TextBaseline? baseline;

  @override
  bool operator ==(Object other) {
    if (identical(this, other)) {
      return true;
    }
    return other is PlaceholderDimensions
        && other.size == size
        && other.alignment == alignment
        && other.baseline == baseline
        && other.baselineOffset == baselineOffset;
  }

  @override
  int get hashCode => Object.hash(size, alignment, baseline, baselineOffset);

  @override
  String toString() {
    return switch (alignment) {
      ui.PlaceholderAlignment.top ||
      ui.PlaceholderAlignment.bottom ||
      ui.PlaceholderAlignment.middle ||
      ui.PlaceholderAlignment.aboveBaseline ||
      ui.PlaceholderAlignment.belowBaseline => 'PlaceholderDimensions($size, $alignment)',
      ui.PlaceholderAlignment.baseline      => 'PlaceholderDimensions($size, $alignment($baselineOffset from top))',
    };
  }
}

/// The different ways of measuring the width of one or more lines of text.
///
/// See [Text.textWidthBasis], for example.
enum TextWidthBasis {
  /// multiline text will take up the full width given by the parent. For single
  /// line text, only the minimum amount of width needed to contain the text
  /// will be used. A common use case for this is a standard series of
  /// paragraphs.
  parent,

  /// The width will be exactly enough to contain the longest line and no
  /// longer. A common use case for this is chat bubbles.
  longestLine,
}

/// A [TextBoundary] subclass for locating word breaks.
///
/// The underlying implementation uses [UAX #29](https://unicode.org/reports/tr29/)
/// defined default word boundaries.
///
/// The default word break rules can be tailored to meet the requirements of
/// different use cases. For instance, the default rule set keeps horizontal
/// whitespaces together as a single word, which may not make sense in a
/// word-counting context -- "hello    world" counts as 3 words instead of 2.
/// An example is the [moveByWordBoundary] variant, which is a tailored
/// word-break locator that more closely matches the default behavior of most
/// platforms and editors when it comes to handling text editing keyboard
/// shortcuts that move or delete word by word.
class WordBoundary extends TextBoundary {
  /// Creates a [WordBoundary] with the text and layout information.
  WordBoundary._(this._text, this._paragraph);

  final InlineSpan _text;
  final ui.Paragraph _paragraph;

  @override
  TextRange getTextBoundaryAt(int position) => _paragraph.getWordBoundary(TextPosition(offset: max(position, 0)));

  // Combines two UTF-16 code units (high surrogate + low surrogate) into a
  // single code point that represents a supplementary character.
  static int _codePointFromSurrogates(int highSurrogate, int lowSurrogate) {
    assert(
      TextPainter.isHighSurrogate(highSurrogate),
      'U+${highSurrogate.toRadixString(16).toUpperCase().padLeft(4, "0")}) is not a high surrogate.',
    );
    assert(
      TextPainter.isLowSurrogate(lowSurrogate),
      'U+${lowSurrogate.toRadixString(16).toUpperCase().padLeft(4, "0")}) is not a low surrogate.',
    );
    const int base = 0x010000 - (0xD800 << 10) - 0xDC00;
    return (highSurrogate << 10) + lowSurrogate + base;
  }

  // The Runes class does not provide random access with a code unit offset.
  int? _codePointAt(int index) {
    final int? codeUnitAtIndex = _text.codeUnitAt(index);
    if (codeUnitAtIndex == null) {
      return null;
    }
    return switch (codeUnitAtIndex & 0xFC00) {
      0xD800 => _codePointFromSurrogates(codeUnitAtIndex, _text.codeUnitAt(index + 1)!),
      0xDC00 => _codePointFromSurrogates(_text.codeUnitAt(index - 1)!, codeUnitAtIndex),
      _      => codeUnitAtIndex,
    };
  }

  static bool _isNewline(int codePoint) {
    // Carriage Return is not treated as a hard line break.
    return switch (codePoint) {
      0x000A ||       // Line Feed
      0x0085 ||       // New Line
      0x000B ||       // Form Feed
      0x000C ||       // Vertical Feed
      0x2028 ||       // Line Separator
      0x2029 => true, // Paragraph Separator
      _ => false,
    };
  }

  bool _skipSpacesAndPunctuations(int offset, bool forward) {
    // Use code point since some punctuations are supplementary characters.
    // "inner" here refers to the code unit that's before the break in the
    // search direction (`forward`).
    final int? innerCodePoint = _codePointAt(forward ? offset - 1 : offset);
    final int? outerCodeUnit = _text.codeUnitAt(forward ? offset : offset - 1);

    // Make sure the hard break rules in UAX#29 take precedence over the ones we
    // add below. Luckily there're only 4 hard break rules for word breaks, and
    // dictionary based breaking does not introduce new hard breaks:
    // https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/boundaryanalysis/break-rules.html#word-dictionaries
    //
    // WB1 & WB2: always break at the start or the end of the text.
    final bool hardBreakRulesApply = innerCodePoint == null || outerCodeUnit == null
    // WB3a & WB3b: always break before and after newlines.
                                  || _isNewline(innerCodePoint) || _isNewline(outerCodeUnit);
    return hardBreakRulesApply || !RegExp(r'[\p{Space_Separator}\p{Punctuation}]', unicode: true).hasMatch(String.fromCharCode(innerCodePoint));
  }

  /// Returns a [TextBoundary] suitable for handling keyboard navigation
  /// commands that change the current selection word by word.
  ///
  /// This [TextBoundary] is used by text widgets in the flutter framework to
  /// provide default implementation for text editing shortcuts, for example,
  /// "delete to the previous word".
  ///
  /// The implementation applies the same set of rules [WordBoundary] uses,
  /// except that word breaks end on a space separator or a punctuation will be
  /// skipped, to match the behavior of most platforms. Additional rules may be
  /// added in the future to better match platform behaviors.
  late final TextBoundary moveByWordBoundary = _UntilTextBoundary(this, _skipSpacesAndPunctuations);
}

class _UntilTextBoundary extends TextBoundary {
  const _UntilTextBoundary(this._textBoundary, this._predicate);

  final UntilPredicate _predicate;
  final TextBoundary _textBoundary;

  @override
  int? getLeadingTextBoundaryAt(int position) {
    if (position < 0) {
      return null;
    }
    final int? offset = _textBoundary.getLeadingTextBoundaryAt(position);
    return offset == null || _predicate(offset, false)
      ? offset
      : getLeadingTextBoundaryAt(offset - 1);
  }

  @override
  int? getTrailingTextBoundaryAt(int position) {
    final int? offset = _textBoundary.getTrailingTextBoundaryAt(max(position, 0));
    return offset == null || _predicate(offset, true)
      ? offset
      : getTrailingTextBoundaryAt(offset);
  }
}

class _TextLayout {
  _TextLayout._(this._paragraph, this.writingDirection, this.rawString);

  final TextDirection writingDirection;
  final String rawString;

  // This field is not final because the owner TextPainter could create a new
  // ui.Paragraph with the exact same text layout (for example, when only the
  // color of the text is changed).
  //
  // The creator of this _TextLayout is also responsible for disposing this
  // object when it's no longer needed.
  ui.Paragraph _paragraph;

  /// Whether this layout has been invalidated and disposed.
  ///
  /// Only for use when asserts are enabled.
  bool get debugDisposed => _paragraph.debugDisposed;

  /// The horizontal space required to paint this text.
  ///
  /// If a line ends with trailing spaces, the trailing spaces may extend
  /// outside of the horizontal paint bounds defined by [width].
  double get width => _paragraph.width;

  /// The vertical space required to paint this text.
  double get height => _paragraph.height;

  /// The width at which decreasing the width of the text would prevent it from
  /// painting itself completely within its bounds.
  double get minIntrinsicLineExtent => _paragraph.minIntrinsicWidth;

  /// The width at which increasing the width of the text no longer decreases the height.
  ///
  /// Includes trailing spaces if any.
  double get maxIntrinsicLineExtent => _paragraph.maxIntrinsicWidth;

  /// The distance from the left edge of the leftmost glyph to the right edge of
  /// the rightmost glyph in the paragraph.
  double get longestLine => _paragraph.longestLine;

  /// Returns the distance from the top of the text to the first baseline of the
  /// given type.
  double getDistanceToBaseline(TextBaseline baseline) {
    return switch (baseline) {
      TextBaseline.alphabetic => _paragraph.alphabeticBaseline,
      TextBaseline.ideographic => _paragraph.ideographicBaseline,
    };
  }

  /// The line caret metrics representing the end of text location.
  ///
  /// This is usually used when the caret is placed at the end of the text
  /// (text.length, downstream), unless maxLines is set to a non-null value, in
  /// which case the caret is placed at the visual end of the last visible line.
  ///
  /// This should not be called when the paragraph is empty as the implementation
  /// relies on line metrics.
  ///
  /// When the last bidi level run in the paragraph and the paragraph's bidi
  /// levels have opposite parities (which implies opposite writing directions),
  /// this makes sure the caret is placed at the same "end" of the line as if the
  /// line ended with a line feed.
  late final _LineCaretMetrics _endOfTextCaretMetrics = _computeEndOfTextCaretAnchorOffset();
  _LineCaretMetrics _computeEndOfTextCaretAnchorOffset() {
    final int lastLineIndex = _paragraph.numberOfLines - 1;
    assert(lastLineIndex >= 0);
    final ui.LineMetrics lineMetrics = _paragraph.getLineMetricsAt(lastLineIndex)!;
    // SkParagraph currently treats " " and "\t" as white spaces. Trailing white
    // spaces don't contribute to the line width and thus require special handling
    // when they're present.
    // Luckily they have the same bidi embedding level as the paragraph as per
    // https://unicode.org/reports/tr9/#L1, so we can anchor the caret to the
    // last logical trailing space.
    final bool hasTrailingSpaces = switch (rawString.codeUnitAt(rawString.length - 1)) {
      0x9 ||        // horizontal tab
      0x20 => true, // space
      _ => false,
    };

    final double baseline = lineMetrics.baseline;
    final double dx;
    late final ui.GlyphInfo? lastGlyph = _paragraph.getGlyphInfoAt(rawString.length - 1);
    // TODO(LongCatIsLooong): handle the case where maxLine is set to non-null
    // and the last line ends with trailing whitespaces.
    if (hasTrailingSpaces && lastGlyph != null) {
      final Rect glyphBounds = lastGlyph.graphemeClusterLayoutBounds;
      assert(!glyphBounds.isEmpty);
      dx = switch (writingDirection) {
        TextDirection.ltr => glyphBounds.right,
        TextDirection.rtl => glyphBounds.left,
      };
    } else {
      dx = switch (writingDirection) {
        TextDirection.ltr => lineMetrics.left + lineMetrics.width,
        TextDirection.rtl => lineMetrics.left,
      };
    }
    return _LineCaretMetrics(offset: Offset(dx, baseline), writingDirection: writingDirection);
  }

  double _contentWidthFor(double minWidth, double maxWidth, TextWidthBasis widthBasis) {
    return switch (widthBasis) {
      TextWidthBasis.longestLine => clampDouble(longestLine, minWidth, maxWidth),
      TextWidthBasis.parent => clampDouble(maxIntrinsicLineExtent, minWidth, maxWidth),
    };
  }
}

// This class stores the current text layout and the corresponding
// paintOffset/contentWidth, as well as some cached text metrics values that
// depends on the current text layout, which will be invalidated as soon as the
// text layout is invalidated.
class _TextPainterLayoutCacheWithOffset {
  _TextPainterLayoutCacheWithOffset(this.layout, this.textAlignment, this.layoutMaxWidth, this.contentWidth)
    : assert(textAlignment >= 0.0 && textAlignment <= 1.0),
      assert(!layoutMaxWidth.isNaN),
      assert(!contentWidth.isNaN);

  final _TextLayout layout;

  // The input width used to lay out the paragraph.
  final double layoutMaxWidth;

  // The content width the text painter should report in TextPainter.width.
  // This is also used to compute `paintOffset`.
  double contentWidth;

  // The effective text alignment in the TextPainter's canvas. The value is
  // within the [0, 1] interval: 0 for left aligned and 1 for right aligned.
  final double textAlignment;

  // The paintOffset of the `paragraph` in the TextPainter's canvas.
  //
  // It's coordinate values are guaranteed to not be NaN.
  Offset get paintOffset {
    if (textAlignment == 0) {
      return Offset.zero;
    }
    if (!paragraph.width.isFinite) {
      return const Offset(double.infinity, 0.0);
    }
    final double dx = textAlignment * (contentWidth - paragraph.width);
    assert(!dx.isNaN);
    return Offset(dx, 0);
  }

  ui.Paragraph get paragraph => layout._paragraph;

  // Try to resize the contentWidth to fit the new input constraints, by just
  // adjusting the paint offset (so no line-breaking changes needed).
  //
  // Returns false if the new constraints require the text layout library to
  // re-compute the line breaks.
  bool _resizeToFit(double minWidth, double maxWidth, TextWidthBasis widthBasis) {
    assert(layout.maxIntrinsicLineExtent.isFinite);
    assert(minWidth <= maxWidth);
    // The assumption here is that if a Paragraph's width is already >= its
    // maxIntrinsicWidth, further increasing the input width does not change its
    // layout (but may change the paint offset if it's not left-aligned). This is
    // true even for TextAlign.justify: when width >= maxIntrinsicWidth
    // TextAlign.justify will behave exactly the same as TextAlign.start.
    //
    // An exception to this is when the text is not left-aligned, and the input
    // width is double.infinity. Since the resulting Paragraph will have a width
    // of double.infinity, and to make the text visible the paintOffset.dx is
    // bound to be double.negativeInfinity, which invalidates all arithmetic
    // operations.

    if (maxWidth == contentWidth && minWidth == contentWidth) {
      contentWidth = layout._contentWidthFor(minWidth, maxWidth, widthBasis);
      return true;
    }

    // Special case:
    // When the paint offset and the paragraph width are both +∞, it's likely
    // that the text layout engine skipped layout because there weren't anything
    // to paint. Always try to re-compute the text layout.
    if (!paintOffset.dx.isFinite && !paragraph.width.isFinite && minWidth.isFinite) {
      assert(paintOffset.dx == double.infinity);
      assert(paragraph.width == double.infinity);
      return false;
    }

    final double maxIntrinsicWidth = paragraph.maxIntrinsicWidth;
    // Skip line breaking if the input width remains the same, of there will be
    // no soft breaks.
    final bool skipLineBreaking = maxWidth == layoutMaxWidth  // Same input max width so relayout is unnecessary.
      || ((paragraph.width - maxIntrinsicWidth) > -precisionErrorTolerance && (maxWidth - maxIntrinsicWidth) > -precisionErrorTolerance);
    if (skipLineBreaking) {
      // Adjust the content width in case the TextWidthBasis changed.
      contentWidth = layout._contentWidthFor(minWidth, maxWidth, widthBasis);
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }

  // ---- Cached Values ----

  List<TextBox> get inlinePlaceholderBoxes => _cachedInlinePlaceholderBoxes ??= paragraph.getBoxesForPlaceholders();
  List<TextBox>? _cachedInlinePlaceholderBoxes;

  List<ui.LineMetrics> get lineMetrics => _cachedLineMetrics ??= paragraph.computeLineMetrics();
  List<ui.LineMetrics>? _cachedLineMetrics;

  // Used to determine whether the caret metrics cache should be invalidated.
  int? _previousCaretPositionKey;
}

/// The _CaretMetrics for carets located in a non-empty paragraph. Such carets
/// are anchored to the trailing edge or the leading edge of a glyph, or a
/// ligature component.
final class _LineCaretMetrics {
  const _LineCaretMetrics({required this.offset, required this.writingDirection});
  /// The offset from the top left corner of the paragraph to the caret's top
  /// start location.
  final Offset offset;

  /// The writing direction of the glyph the _LineCaretMetrics is associated with.
  /// The value determines whether the cursor is painted to the left or to the
  /// right of [offset].
  final TextDirection writingDirection;

  _LineCaretMetrics shift(Offset offset) {
    return offset == Offset.zero
      ? this
      : _LineCaretMetrics(offset: offset + this.offset, writingDirection: writingDirection);
  }
}

const String _flutterPaintingLibrary = 'package:flutter/painting.dart';

/// An object that paints a [TextSpan] tree into a [Canvas].
///
/// To use a [TextPainter], follow these steps:
///
/// 1. Create a [TextSpan] tree and pass it to the [TextPainter]
///    constructor.
///
/// 2. Call [layout] to prepare the paragraph.
///
/// 3. Call [paint] as often as desired to paint the paragraph.
///
/// 4. Call [dispose] when the object will no longer be accessed to release
///    native resources. For [TextPainter] objects that are used repeatedly and
///    stored on a [State] or [RenderObject], call [dispose] from
///    [State.dispose] or [RenderObject.dispose] or similar. For [TextPainter]
///    objects that are only used ephemerally, it is safe to immediately dispose
///    them after the last call to methods or properties on the object.
///
/// If the width of the area into which the text is being painted
/// changes, return to step 2. If the text to be painted changes,
/// return to step 1.
///
/// The default text style is white. To change the color of the text,
/// pass a [TextStyle] object to the [TextSpan] in `text`.
class TextPainter {
  /// Creates a text painter that paints the given text.
  ///
  /// The `text` and `textDirection` arguments are optional but [text] and
  /// [textDirection] must be non-null before calling [layout].
  ///
  /// The [maxLines] property, if non-null, must be greater than zero.
  TextPainter({
    InlineSpan? text,
    TextAlign textAlign = TextAlign.start,
    TextDirection? textDirection,
    @Deprecated(
      'Use textScaler instead. '
      'Use of textScaleFactor was deprecated in preparation for the upcoming nonlinear text scaling support. '
      'This feature was deprecated after v3.12.0-2.0.pre.',
    )
    double textScaleFactor = 1.0,
    TextScaler textScaler = TextScaler.noScaling,
    int? maxLines,
    String? ellipsis,
    Locale? locale,
    StrutStyle? strutStyle,
    TextWidthBasis textWidthBasis = TextWidthBasis.parent,
    TextHeightBehavior? textHeightBehavior,
  }) : assert(text == null || text.debugAssertIsValid()),
       assert(maxLines == null || maxLines > 0),
       assert(textScaleFactor == 1.0 || identical(textScaler, TextScaler.noScaling), 'Use textScaler instead.'),
       _text = text,
       _textAlign = textAlign,
       _textDirection = textDirection,
       _textScaler = textScaler == TextScaler.noScaling ? TextScaler.linear(textScaleFactor) : textScaler,
       _maxLines = maxLines,
       _ellipsis = ellipsis,
       _locale = locale,
       _strutStyle = strutStyle,
       _textWidthBasis = textWidthBasis,
       _textHeightBehavior = textHeightBehavior {
    // TODO(polina-c): stop duplicating code across disposables
    // https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/137435
    if (kFlutterMemoryAllocationsEnabled) {
      FlutterMemoryAllocations.instance.dispatchObjectCreated(
        library: _flutterPaintingLibrary,
        className: '$TextPainter',
        object: this,
      );
    }
  }

  /// Computes the width of a configured [TextPainter].
  ///
  /// This is a convenience method that creates a text painter with the supplied
  /// parameters, lays it out with the supplied [minWidth] and [maxWidth], and
  /// returns its [TextPainter.width] making sure to dispose the underlying
  /// resources. Doing this operation is expensive and should be avoided
  /// whenever it is possible to preserve the [TextPainter] to paint the
  /// text or get other information about it.
  static double computeWidth({
    required InlineSpan text,
    required TextDirection textDirection,
    TextAlign textAlign = TextAlign.start,
    @Deprecated(
      'Use textScaler instead. '
      'Use of textScaleFactor was deprecated in preparation for the upcoming nonlinear text scaling support. '
      'This feature was deprecated after v3.12.0-2.0.pre.',
    )
    double textScaleFactor = 1.0,
    TextScaler textScaler = TextScaler.noScaling,
    int? maxLines,
    String? ellipsis,
    Locale? locale,
    StrutStyle? strutStyle,
    TextWidthBasis textWidthBasis = TextWidthBasis.parent,
    TextHeightBehavior? textHeightBehavior,
    double minWidth = 0.0,
    double maxWidth = double.infinity,
  }) {
    assert(
      textScaleFactor == 1.0 || identical(textScaler, TextScaler.noScaling),
      'Use textScaler instead.',
    );
    final TextPainter painter = TextPainter(
      text: text,
      textAlign: textAlign,
      textDirection: textDirection,
      textScaler: textScaler == TextScaler.noScaling ? TextScaler.linear(textScaleFactor) : textScaler,
      maxLines: maxLines,
      ellipsis: ellipsis,
      locale: locale,
      strutStyle: strutStyle,
      textWidthBasis: textWidthBasis,
      textHeightBehavior: textHeightBehavior,
    )..layout(minWidth: minWidth, maxWidth: maxWidth);

    try {
      return painter.width;
    } finally {
      painter.dispose();
    }
  }

  /// Computes the max intrinsic width of a configured [TextPainter].
  ///
  /// This is a convenience method that creates a text painter with the supplied
  /// parameters, lays it out with the supplied [minWidth] and [maxWidth], and
  /// returns its [TextPainter.maxIntrinsicWidth] making sure to dispose the
  /// underlying resources. Doing this operation is expensive and should be avoided
  /// whenever it is possible to preserve the [TextPainter] to paint the
  /// text or get other information about it.
  static double computeMaxIntrinsicWidth({
    required InlineSpan text,
    required TextDirection textDirection,
    TextAlign textAlign = TextAlign.start,
    @Deprecated(
      'Use textScaler instead. '
      'Use of textScaleFactor was deprecated in preparation for the upcoming nonlinear text scaling support. '
      'This feature was deprecated after v3.12.0-2.0.pre.',
    )
    double textScaleFactor = 1.0,
    TextScaler textScaler = TextScaler.noScaling,
    int? maxLines,
    String? ellipsis,
    Locale? locale,
    StrutStyle? strutStyle,
    TextWidthBasis textWidthBasis = TextWidthBasis.parent,
    TextHeightBehavior? textHeightBehavior,
    double minWidth = 0.0,
    double maxWidth = double.infinity,
  }) {
    assert(
      textScaleFactor == 1.0 || identical(textScaler, TextScaler.noScaling),
      'Use textScaler instead.',
    );
    final TextPainter painter = TextPainter(
      text: text,
      textAlign: textAlign,
      textDirection: textDirection,
      textScaler: textScaler == TextScaler.noScaling ? TextScaler.linear(textScaleFactor) : textScaler,
      maxLines: maxLines,
      ellipsis: ellipsis,
      locale: locale,
      strutStyle: strutStyle,
      textWidthBasis: textWidthBasis,
      textHeightBehavior: textHeightBehavior,
    )..layout(minWidth: minWidth, maxWidth: maxWidth);

    try {
      return painter.maxIntrinsicWidth;
    } finally {
      painter.dispose();
    }
  }

  // Whether textWidthBasis has changed after the most recent `layout` call.
  bool _debugNeedsRelayout = true;
  // The result of the most recent `layout` call.
  _TextPainterLayoutCacheWithOffset? _layoutCache;

  // Whether _layoutCache contains outdated paint information and needs to be
  // updated before painting.
  //
  // ui.Paragraph is entirely immutable, thus text style changes that can affect
  // layout and those who can't both require the ui.Paragraph object being
  // recreated. The caller may not call `layout` again after text color is
  // updated. See: https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/85108
  bool _rebuildParagraphForPaint = true;

  bool get _debugAssertTextLayoutIsValid {
    assert(!debugDisposed);
    if (_layoutCache == null) {
      throw FlutterError.fromParts(<DiagnosticsNode>[
        ErrorSummary('Text layout not available'),
        if (_debugMarkNeedsLayoutCallStack != null) DiagnosticsStackTrace('The calls that first invalidated the text layout were', _debugMarkNeedsLayoutCallStack)
        else ErrorDescription('The TextPainter has never been laid out.')
      ]);
    }
    return true;
  }

  StackTrace? _debugMarkNeedsLayoutCallStack;

  /// Marks this text painter's layout information as dirty and removes cached
  /// information.
  ///
  /// Uses this method to notify text painter to relayout in the case of
  /// layout changes in engine. In most cases, updating text painter properties
  /// in framework will automatically invoke this method.
  void markNeedsLayout() {
    assert(() {
      if (_layoutCache != null) {
        _debugMarkNeedsLayoutCallStack ??= StackTrace.current;
      }
      return true;
    }());
    _layoutCache?.paragraph.dispose();
    _layoutCache = null;
  }

  /// The (potentially styled) text to paint.
  ///
  /// After this is set, you must call [layout] before the next call to [paint].
  /// This and [textDirection] must be non-null before you call [layout].
  ///
  /// The [InlineSpan] this provides is in the form of a tree that may contain
  /// multiple instances of [TextSpan]s and [WidgetSpan]s. To obtain a plain text
  /// representation of the contents of this [TextPainter], use [plainText].
  InlineSpan? get text => _text;
  InlineSpan? _text;
  set text(InlineSpan? value) {
    assert(value == null || value.debugAssertIsValid());
    if (_text == value) {
      return;
    }
    if (_text?.style != value?.style) {
      _layoutTemplate?.dispose();
      _layoutTemplate = null;
    }

    final RenderComparison comparison = value == null
      ? RenderComparison.layout
      : _text?.compareTo(value) ?? RenderComparison.layout;

    _text = value;
    _cachedPlainText = null;

    if (comparison.index >= RenderComparison.layout.index) {
      markNeedsLayout();
    } else if (comparison.index >= RenderComparison.paint.index) {
      // Don't invalid the _layoutCache just yet. It still contains valid layout
      // information.
      _rebuildParagraphForPaint = true;
    }
    // Neither relayout or repaint is needed.
  }

  /// Returns a plain text version of the text to paint.
  ///
  /// This uses [InlineSpan.toPlainText] to get the full contents of all nodes in the tree.
  String get plainText {
    _cachedPlainText ??= _text?.toPlainText(includeSemanticsLabels: false);
    return _cachedPlainText ?? '';
  }
  String? _cachedPlainText;

  /// How the text should be aligned horizontally.
  ///
  /// After this is set, you must call [layout] before the next call to [paint].
  ///
  /// The [textAlign] property defaults to [TextAlign.start].
  TextAlign get textAlign => _textAlign;
  TextAlign _textAlign;
  set textAlign(TextAlign value) {
    if (_textAlign == value) {
      return;
    }
    _textAlign = value;
    markNeedsLayout();
  }

  /// The default directionality of the text.
  ///
  /// This controls how the [TextAlign.start], [TextAlign.end], and
  /// [TextAlign.justify] values of [textAlign] are resolved.
  ///
  /// This is also used to disambiguate how to render bidirectional text. For
  /// example, if the [text] is an English phrase followed by a Hebrew phrase,
  /// in a [TextDirection.ltr] context the English phrase will be on the left
  /// and the Hebrew phrase to its right, while in a [TextDirection.rtl]
  /// context, the English phrase will be on the right and the Hebrew phrase on
  /// its left.
  ///
  /// After this is set, you must call [layout] before the next call to [paint].
  ///
  /// This and [text] must be non-null before you call [layout].
  TextDirection? get textDirection => _textDirection;
  TextDirection? _textDirection;
  set textDirection(TextDirection? value) {
    if (_textDirection == value) {
      return;
    }
    _textDirection = value;
    markNeedsLayout();
    _layoutTemplate?.dispose();
    _layoutTemplate = null; // Shouldn't really matter, but for strict correctness...
  }

  /// Deprecated. Will be removed in a future version of Flutter. Use
  /// [textScaler] instead.
  ///
  /// The number of font pixels for each logical pixel.
  ///
  /// For example, if the text scale factor is 1.5, text will be 50% larger than
  /// the specified font size.
  ///
  /// After this is set, you must call [layout] before the next call to [paint].
  @Deprecated(
    'Use textScaler instead. '
    'Use of textScaleFactor was deprecated in preparation for the upcoming nonlinear text scaling support. '
    'This feature was deprecated after v3.12.0-2.0.pre.',
  )
  double get textScaleFactor => textScaler.textScaleFactor;
  @Deprecated(
    'Use textScaler instead. '
    'Use of textScaleFactor was deprecated in preparation for the upcoming nonlinear text scaling support. '
    'This feature was deprecated after v3.12.0-2.0.pre.',
  )
  set textScaleFactor(double value) {
    textScaler = TextScaler.linear(value);
  }

  /// {@template flutter.painting.textPainter.textScaler}
  /// The font scaling strategy to use when laying out and rendering the text.
  ///
  /// The value usually comes from [MediaQuery.textScalerOf], which typically
  /// reflects the user-specified text scaling value in the platform's
  /// accessibility settings. The [TextStyle.fontSize] of the text will be
  /// adjusted by the [TextScaler] before the text is laid out and rendered.
  /// {@endtemplate}
  ///
  /// The [layout] method must be called after [textScaler] changes as it
  /// affects the text layout.
  TextScaler get textScaler => _textScaler;
  TextScaler _textScaler;
  set textScaler(TextScaler value) {
    if (value == _textScaler) {
      return;
    }
    _textScaler = value;
    markNeedsLayout();
    _layoutTemplate?.dispose();
    _layoutTemplate = null;
  }

  /// The string used to ellipsize overflowing text. Setting this to a non-empty
  /// string will cause this string to be substituted for the remaining text
  /// if the text can not fit within the specified maximum width.
  ///
  /// Specifically, the ellipsis is applied to the last line before the line
  /// truncated by [maxLines], if [maxLines] is non-null and that line overflows
  /// the width constraint, or to the first line that is wider than the width
  /// constraint, if [maxLines] is null. The width constraint is the `maxWidth`
  /// passed to [layout].
  ///
  /// After this is set, you must call [layout] before the next call to [paint].
  ///
  /// The higher layers of the system, such as the [Text] widget, represent
  /// overflow effects using the [TextOverflow] enum. The
  /// [TextOverflow.ellipsis] value corresponds to setting this property to
  /// U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS (…).
  String? get ellipsis => _ellipsis;
  String? _ellipsis;
  set ellipsis(String? value) {
    assert(value == null || value.isNotEmpty);
    if (_ellipsis == value) {
      return;
    }
    _ellipsis = value;
    markNeedsLayout();
  }

  /// The locale used to select region-specific glyphs.
  Locale? get locale => _locale;
  Locale? _locale;
  set locale(Locale? value) {
    if (_locale == value) {
      return;
    }
    _locale = value;
    markNeedsLayout();
  }

  /// An optional maximum number of lines for the text to span, wrapping if
  /// necessary.
  ///
  /// If the text exceeds the given number of lines, it is truncated such that
  /// subsequent lines are dropped.
  ///
  /// After this is set, you must call [layout] before the next call to [paint].
  int? get maxLines => _maxLines;
  int? _maxLines;
  /// The value may be null. If it is not null, then it must be greater than zero.
  set maxLines(int? value) {
    assert(value == null || value > 0);
    if (_maxLines == value) {
      return;
    }
    _maxLines = value;
    markNeedsLayout();
  }

  /// {@template flutter.painting.textPainter.strutStyle}
  /// The strut style to use. Strut style defines the strut, which sets minimum
  /// vertical layout metrics.
  ///
  /// Omitting or providing null will disable strut.
  ///
  /// Omitting or providing null for any properties of [StrutStyle] will result in
  /// default values being used. It is highly recommended to at least specify a
  /// [StrutStyle.fontSize].
  ///
  /// See [StrutStyle] for details.
  /// {@endtemplate}
  StrutStyle? get strutStyle => _strutStyle;
  StrutStyle? _strutStyle;
  set strutStyle(StrutStyle? value) {
    if (_strutStyle == value) {
      return;
    }
    _strutStyle = value;
    markNeedsLayout();
  }

  /// {@template flutter.painting.textPainter.textWidthBasis}
  /// Defines how to measure the width of the rendered text.
  /// {@endtemplate}
  TextWidthBasis get textWidthBasis => _textWidthBasis;
  TextWidthBasis _textWidthBasis;
  set textWidthBasis(TextWidthBasis value) {
    if (_textWidthBasis == value) {
      return;
    }
    assert(() { return _debugNeedsRelayout = true; }());
    _textWidthBasis = value;
  }

  /// {@macro dart.ui.textHeightBehavior}
  TextHeightBehavior? get textHeightBehavior => _textHeightBehavior;
  TextHeightBehavior? _textHeightBehavior;
  set textHeightBehavior(TextHeightBehavior? value) {
    if (_textHeightBehavior == value) {
      return;
    }
    _textHeightBehavior = value;
    markNeedsLayout();
  }

  /// An ordered list of [TextBox]es that bound the positions of the placeholders
  /// in the paragraph.
  ///
  /// Each box corresponds to a [PlaceholderSpan] in the order they were defined
  /// in the [InlineSpan] tree.
  List<TextBox>? get inlinePlaceholderBoxes {
    final _TextPainterLayoutCacheWithOffset? layout = _layoutCache;
    if (layout == null) {
      return null;
    }
    final Offset offset = layout.paintOffset;
    if (!offset.dx.isFinite || !offset.dy.isFinite) {
      return <TextBox>[];
    }
    final List<TextBox> rawBoxes = layout.inlinePlaceholderBoxes;
    if (offset == Offset.zero) {
      return rawBoxes;
    }
    return rawBoxes.map((TextBox box) => _shiftTextBox(box, offset)).toList(growable: false);
  }

  /// Sets the dimensions of each placeholder in [text].
  ///
  /// The number of [PlaceholderDimensions] provided should be the same as the
  /// number of [PlaceholderSpan]s in text. Passing in an empty or null `value`
  /// will do nothing.
  ///
  /// If [layout] is attempted without setting the placeholder dimensions, the
  /// placeholders will be ignored in the text layout and no valid
  /// [inlinePlaceholderBoxes] will be returned.
  void setPlaceholderDimensions(List<PlaceholderDimensions>? value) {
    if (value == null || value.isEmpty || listEquals(value, _placeholderDimensions)) {
      return;
    }
    assert(() {
      int placeholderCount = 0;
      text!.visitChildren((InlineSpan span) {
        if (span is PlaceholderSpan) {
          placeholderCount += 1;
        }
        return value.length >= placeholderCount;
      });
      return placeholderCount == value.length;
    }());
    _placeholderDimensions = value;
    markNeedsLayout();
  }
  List<PlaceholderDimensions>? _placeholderDimensions;

  ui.ParagraphStyle _createParagraphStyle([ TextAlign? textAlignOverride ]) {
    assert(textDirection != null, 'TextPainter.textDirection must be set to a non-null value before using the TextPainter.');
    final TextStyle baseStyle = _text?.style ?? const TextStyle();
    return baseStyle.getParagraphStyle(
      textAlign: textAlignOverride ?? textAlign,
      textDirection: textDirection,
      textScaler: textScaler,
      maxLines: _maxLines,
      textHeightBehavior: _textHeightBehavior,
      ellipsis: _ellipsis,
      locale: _locale,
      strutStyle: _strutStyle,
    );
  }

  ui.Paragraph? _layoutTemplate;
  ui.Paragraph _createLayoutTemplate() {
    final ui.ParagraphBuilder builder = ui.ParagraphBuilder(
      _createParagraphStyle(TextAlign.left),
    ); // direction doesn't matter, text is just a space
    final ui.TextStyle? textStyle = text?.style?.getTextStyle(textScaler: textScaler);
    if (textStyle != null) {
      builder.pushStyle(textStyle);
    }
    builder.addText(' ');
    return builder.build()
      ..layout(const ui.ParagraphConstraints(width: double.infinity));
  }

  ui.Paragraph _getOrCreateLayoutTemplate() => _layoutTemplate ??= _createLayoutTemplate();

  /// The height of a space in [text] in logical pixels.
  ///
  /// Not every line of text in [text] will have this height, but this height
  /// is "typical" for text in [text] and useful for sizing other objects
  /// relative a typical line of text.
  ///
  /// Obtaining this value does not require calling [layout].
  ///
  /// The style of the [text] property is used to determine the font settings
  /// that contribute to the [preferredLineHeight]. If [text] is null or if it
  /// specifies no styles, the default [TextStyle] values are used (a 10 pixel
  /// sans-serif font).
  double get preferredLineHeight => _getOrCreateLayoutTemplate().height;

  /// The width at which decreasing the width of the text would prevent it from
  /// painting itself completely within its bounds.
  ///
  /// Valid only after [layout] has been called.
  double get minIntrinsicWidth {
    assert(_debugAssertTextLayoutIsValid);
    return _layoutCache!.layout.minIntrinsicLineExtent;
  }

  /// The width at which increasing the width of the text no longer decreases the height.
  ///
  /// Valid only after [layout] has been called.
  double get maxIntrinsicWidth {
    assert(_debugAssertTextLayoutIsValid);
    return _layoutCache!.layout.maxIntrinsicLineExtent;
  }

  /// The horizontal space required to paint this text.
  ///
  /// Valid only after [layout] has been called.
  double get width {
    assert(_debugAssertTextLayoutIsValid);
    assert(!_debugNeedsRelayout);
    return _layoutCache!.contentWidth;
  }

  /// The vertical space required to paint this text.
  ///
  /// Valid only after [layout] has been called.
  double get height {
    assert(_debugAssertTextLayoutIsValid);
    return _layoutCache!.layout.height;
  }

  /// The amount of space required to paint this text.
  ///
  /// Valid only after [layout] has been called.
  Size get size {
    assert(_debugAssertTextLayoutIsValid);
    assert(!_debugNeedsRelayout);
    return Size(width, height);
  }

  /// Returns the distance from the top of the text to the first baseline of the
  /// given type.
  ///
  /// Valid only after [layout] has been called.
  double computeDistanceToActualBaseline(TextBaseline baseline) {
    assert(_debugAssertTextLayoutIsValid);
    return _layoutCache!.layout.getDistanceToBaseline(baseline);
  }

  /// Whether any text was truncated or ellipsized.
  ///
  /// If [maxLines] is not null, this is true if there were more lines to be
  /// drawn than the given [maxLines], and thus at least one line was omitted in
  /// the output; otherwise it is false.
  ///
  /// If [maxLines] is null, this is true if [ellipsis] is not the empty string
  /// and there was a line that overflowed the `maxWidth` argument passed to
  /// [layout]; otherwise it is false.
  ///
  /// Valid only after [layout] has been called.
  bool get didExceedMaxLines {
    assert(_debugAssertTextLayoutIsValid);
    return _layoutCache!.paragraph.didExceedMaxLines;
  }

  // Creates a ui.Paragraph using the current configurations in this class and
  // assign it to _paragraph.
  ui.Paragraph _createParagraph(InlineSpan text) {
    final ui.ParagraphBuilder builder = ui.ParagraphBuilder(_createParagraphStyle());
    text.build(builder, textScaler: textScaler, dimensions: _placeholderDimensions);
    assert(() {
      _debugMarkNeedsLayoutCallStack = null;
      return true;
    }());
    _rebuildParagraphForPaint = false;
    return builder.build();
  }

  /// Computes the visual position of the glyphs for painting the text.
  ///
  /// The text will layout with a width that's as close to its max intrinsic
  /// width (or its longest line, if [textWidthBasis] is set to
  /// [TextWidthBasis.parent]) as possible while still being greater than or
  /// equal to `minWidth` and less than or equal to `maxWidth`.
  ///
  /// The [text] and [textDirection] properties must be non-null before this is
  /// called.
  void layout({ double minWidth = 0.0, double maxWidth = double.infinity }) {
    assert(!maxWidth.isNaN);
    assert(!minWidth.isNaN);
    assert(() {
      _debugNeedsRelayout = false;
      return true;
    }());

    final _TextPainterLayoutCacheWithOffset? cachedLayout = _layoutCache;
    if (cachedLayout != null && cachedLayout._resizeToFit(minWidth, maxWidth, textWidthBasis)) {
      return;
    }

    final InlineSpan? text = this.text;
    if (text == null) {
      throw StateError('TextPainter.text must be set to a non-null value before using the TextPainter.');
    }
    final TextDirection? textDirection = this.textDirection;
    if (textDirection == null) {
      throw StateError('TextPainter.textDirection must be set to a non-null value before using the TextPainter.');
    }

    final double paintOffsetAlignment = _computePaintOffsetFraction(textAlign, textDirection);
    // Try to avoid laying out the paragraph with maxWidth=double.infinity
    // when the text is not left-aligned, so we don't have to deal with an
    // infinite paint offset.
    final bool adjustMaxWidth = !maxWidth.isFinite && paintOffsetAlignment != 0;
    final double? adjustedMaxWidth = !adjustMaxWidth ? maxWidth : cachedLayout?.layout.maxIntrinsicLineExtent;
    final double layoutMaxWidth = adjustedMaxWidth ?? maxWidth;

    // Only rebuild the paragraph when there're layout changes, even when
    // `_rebuildParagraphForPaint` is true. It's best to not eagerly rebuild
    // the paragraph to avoid the extra work, because:
    // 1. the text color could change again before `paint` is called (so one of
    //    the paragraph rebuilds is unnecessary)
    // 2. the user could be measuring the text layout so `paint` will never be
    //    called.
    final ui.Paragraph paragraph = (cachedLayout?.paragraph ?? _createParagraph(text))
      ..layout(ui.ParagraphConstraints(width: layoutMaxWidth));
    final _TextLayout layout = _TextLayout._(paragraph, textDirection, plainText);
    final double contentWidth = layout._contentWidthFor(minWidth, maxWidth, textWidthBasis);

    final _TextPainterLayoutCacheWithOffset newLayoutCache;
    // Call layout again if newLayoutCache had an infinite paint offset.
    // This is not as expensive as it seems, line breaking is relatively cheap
    // as compared to shaping.
    if (adjustedMaxWidth == null && minWidth.isFinite) {
      assert(maxWidth.isInfinite);
      final double newInputWidth = layout.maxIntrinsicLineExtent;
      paragraph.layout(ui.ParagraphConstraints(width: newInputWidth));
      newLayoutCache = _TextPainterLayoutCacheWithOffset(layout, paintOffsetAlignment, newInputWidth, contentWidth);
    } else {
      newLayoutCache = _TextPainterLayoutCacheWithOffset(layout, paintOffsetAlignment, layoutMaxWidth, contentWidth);
    }
    _layoutCache = newLayoutCache;
  }

  /// Paints the text onto the given canvas at the given offset.
  ///
  /// Valid only after [layout] has been called.
  ///
  /// If you cannot see the text being painted, check that your text color does
  /// not conflict with the background on which you are drawing. The default
  /// text color is white (to contrast with the default black background color),
  /// so if you are writing an application with a white background, the text
  /// will not be visible by default.
  ///
  /// To set the text style, specify a [TextStyle] when creating the [TextSpan]
  /// that you pass to the [TextPainter] constructor or to the [text] property.
  void paint(Canvas canvas, Offset offset) {
    final _TextPainterLayoutCacheWithOffset? layoutCache = _layoutCache;
    if (layoutCache == null) {
      throw StateError(
        'TextPainter.paint called when text geometry was not yet calculated.\n'
        'Please call layout() before paint() to position the text before painting it.',
      );
    }

    if (!layoutCache.paintOffset.dx.isFinite || !layoutCache.paintOffset.dy.isFinite) {
      return;
    }

    if (_rebuildParagraphForPaint) {
      Size? debugSize;
      assert(() {
        debugSize = size;
        return true;
      }());

      final ui.Paragraph paragraph = layoutCache.paragraph;
      // Unfortunately even if we know that there is only paint changes, there's
      // no API to only make those updates so the paragraph has to be recreated
      // and re-laid out.
      assert(!layoutCache.layoutMaxWidth.isNaN);
      layoutCache.layout._paragraph = _createParagraph(text!)..layout(ui.ParagraphConstraints(width: layoutCache.layoutMaxWidth));
      assert(paragraph.width == layoutCache.layout._paragraph.width);
      paragraph.dispose();
      assert(debugSize == size);
    }
    assert(!_rebuildParagraphForPaint);
    canvas.drawParagraph(layoutCache.paragraph, offset + layoutCache.paintOffset);
  }

  // Returns true if value falls in the valid range of the UTF16 encoding.
  static bool _isUTF16(int value) {
    return value >= 0x0 && value <= 0xFFFFF;
  }

  /// Returns true iff the given value is a valid UTF-16 high (first) surrogate.
  /// The value must be a UTF-16 code unit, meaning it must be in the range
  /// 0x0000-0xFFFF.
  ///
  /// See also:
  ///   * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16#Code_points_from_U+010000_to_U+10FFFF
  ///   * [isLowSurrogate], which checks the same thing for low (second)
  /// surrogates.
  static bool isHighSurrogate(int value) {
    assert(_isUTF16(value));
    return value & 0xFC00 == 0xD800;
  }

  /// Returns true iff the given value is a valid UTF-16 low (second) surrogate.
  /// The value must be a UTF-16 code unit, meaning it must be in the range
  /// 0x0000-0xFFFF.
  ///
  /// See also:
  ///   * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16#Code_points_from_U+010000_to_U+10FFFF
  ///   * [isHighSurrogate], which checks the same thing for high (first)
  /// surrogates.
  static bool isLowSurrogate(int value) {
    assert(_isUTF16(value));
    return value & 0xFC00 == 0xDC00;
  }

  /// Returns the closest offset after `offset` at which the input cursor can be
  /// positioned.
  int? getOffsetAfter(int offset) {
    final int? nextCodeUnit = _text!.codeUnitAt(offset);
    if (nextCodeUnit == null) {
      return null;
    }
    // TODO(goderbauer): doesn't handle extended grapheme clusters with more than one Unicode scalar value (https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/13404).
    return isHighSurrogate(nextCodeUnit) ? offset + 2 : offset + 1;
  }

  /// Returns the closest offset before `offset` at which the input cursor can
  /// be positioned.
  int? getOffsetBefore(int offset) {
    final int? prevCodeUnit = _text!.codeUnitAt(offset - 1);
    if (prevCodeUnit == null) {
      return null;
    }
    // TODO(goderbauer): doesn't handle extended grapheme clusters with more than one Unicode scalar value (https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/13404).
    return isLowSurrogate(prevCodeUnit) ? offset - 2 : offset - 1;
  }

  static double _computePaintOffsetFraction(TextAlign textAlign, TextDirection textDirection) {
    return switch ((textAlign, textDirection)) {
      (TextAlign.left, _) => 0.0,
      (TextAlign.right, _) => 1.0,
      (TextAlign.center, _) => 0.5,
      (TextAlign.start || TextAlign.justify, TextDirection.ltr) => 0.0,
      (TextAlign.start || TextAlign.justify, TextDirection.rtl) => 1.0,
      (TextAlign.end, TextDirection.ltr) => 1.0,
      (TextAlign.end, TextDirection.rtl) => 0.0,
    };
  }

  /// Returns the offset at which to paint the caret.
  ///
  /// Valid only after [layout] has been called.
  Offset getOffsetForCaret(TextPosition position, Rect caretPrototype) {
    final _TextPainterLayoutCacheWithOffset layoutCache = _layoutCache!;
    final _LineCaretMetrics? caretMetrics = _computeCaretMetrics(position);

    if (caretMetrics == null) {
      final double paintOffsetAlignment = _computePaintOffsetFraction(textAlign, textDirection!);
      // The full width is not (width - caretPrototype.width), because
      // RenderEditable reserves cursor width on the right. Ideally this
      // should be handled by RenderEditable instead.
      final double dx = paintOffsetAlignment == 0 ? 0 : paintOffsetAlignment * layoutCache.contentWidth;
      return Offset(dx, 0.0);
    }

    final Offset rawOffset = switch (caretMetrics) {
      _LineCaretMetrics(writingDirection: TextDirection.ltr, :final Offset offset) => offset,
      _LineCaretMetrics(writingDirection: TextDirection.rtl, :final Offset offset) => Offset(offset.dx - caretPrototype.width, offset.dy),
    };
    // If offset.dx is outside of the advertised content area, then the associated
    // glyph belongs to a trailing whitespace character. Ideally the behavior
    // should be handled by higher-level implementations (for instance,
    // RenderEditable reserves width for showing the caret, it's best to handle
    // the clamping there).
    final double adjustedDx = clampDouble(rawOffset.dx + layoutCache.paintOffset.dx, 0, layoutCache.contentWidth);
    return Offset(adjustedDx, rawOffset.dy + layoutCache.paintOffset.dy);
  }

  /// {@template flutter.painting.textPainter.getFullHeightForCaret}
  /// Returns the strut bounded height of the glyph at the given `position`.
  /// {@endtemplate}
  ///
  /// Valid only after [layout] has been called.
  double? getFullHeightForCaret(TextPosition position, Rect caretPrototype) {
    final TextBox textBox = _getOrCreateLayoutTemplate().getBoxesForRange(0, 1, boxHeightStyle: ui.BoxHeightStyle.strut).single;
    return textBox.toRect().height;
  }

  bool _isNewlineAtOffset(int offset) => 0 <= offset && offset < plainText.length
                                      && WordBoundary._isNewline(plainText.codeUnitAt(offset));

  // Cached caret metrics. This allows multiple invokes of [getOffsetForCaret] and
  // [getFullHeightForCaret] in a row without performing redundant and expensive
  // get rect calls to the paragraph.
  //
  // The cache implementation assumes there's only one cursor at any given time.
  late _LineCaretMetrics _caretMetrics;

  // This function returns the caret's offset and height for the given
  // `position` in the text, or null if the paragraph is empty.
  //
  // For a TextPosition, typically when its TextAffinity is downstream, the
  // corresponding I-beam caret is anchored to the leading edge of the character
  // at `offset` in the text. When the TextAffinity is upstream, the I-beam is
  // then anchored to the trailing edge of the preceding character, except for a
  // few edge cases:
  //
  // 1. empty paragraph: this method returns null and the caller handles this
  //    case.
  //
  // 2. (textLength, downstream), the end-of-text caret when the text is not
  //    empty: it's placed next to the trailing edge of the last line of the
  //    text, in case the text and its last bidi run have different writing
  //    directions. See the `_computeEndOfTextCaretAnchorOffset` method for more
  //    details.
  //
  // 3. (0, upstream), which isn't a valid position, but it's not a conventional
  //    "invalid" caret location either (the offset isn't negative). For
  //    historical reasons, this is treated as (0, downstream).
  //
  // 4. (x, upstream) where x - 1 points to a line break character. The caret
  //    should be displayed at the beginning of the newline instead of at the
  //    end of the previous line. Converts the location to (x, downstream). The
  //    choice we makes in 5. allows us to still check (x - 1) in case x points
  //    to a multi-code-unit character.
  //
  // 5. (x, downstream || upstream), where x points to a multi-code-unit
  //    character. There's no perfect caret placement in this case. Here we chose
  //    to draw the caret at the location that makes the most sense when the
  //    user wants to backspace (which also means it's left-arrow-key-biased):
  //
  //     * downstream: show the caret at the leading edge of the character only if
  //       x points to the start of the grapheme. Otherwise show the caret at the
  //       leading edge of the next logical character.
  //     * upstream: show the caret at the trailing edge of the previous character
  //       only if x points to the start of the grapheme. Otherwise place the
  //       caret at the trailing edge of the character.
  _LineCaretMetrics? _computeCaretMetrics(TextPosition position) {
    assert(_debugAssertTextLayoutIsValid);
    assert(!_debugNeedsRelayout);

    final _TextPainterLayoutCacheWithOffset cachedLayout = _layoutCache!;
    // If nothing is laid out, top start is the only reasonable place to place
    // the cursor.
    // The HTML renderer reports numberOfLines == 1 when the text is empty:
    // https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/143331
    if (cachedLayout.paragraph.numberOfLines < 1 || plainText.isEmpty) {
      // TODO(LongCatIsLooong): assert when an invalid position is given.
      return null;
    }

    final (int offset, bool anchorToLeadingEdge) = switch (position) {
      TextPosition(offset: 0) => (0, true), // As a special case, always anchor to the leading edge of the first grapheme regardless of the affinity.
      TextPosition(:final int offset, affinity: TextAffinity.downstream) => (offset, true),
      TextPosition(:final int offset, affinity: TextAffinity.upstream) when _isNewlineAtOffset(offset - 1) => (offset, true),
      TextPosition(:final int offset, affinity: TextAffinity.upstream) => (offset - 1, false)
    };

    final int caretPositionCacheKey = anchorToLeadingEdge ? offset : -offset - 1;
    if (caretPositionCacheKey == cachedLayout._previousCaretPositionKey) {
      return _caretMetrics;
    }

    final ui.GlyphInfo? glyphInfo = cachedLayout.paragraph.getGlyphInfoAt(offset);

    if (glyphInfo == null) {
      // If the glyph isn't laid out, then the position points to a character
      // that is not laid out. Use the EOT caret.
      // TODO(LongCatIsLooong): assert when an invalid position is given.
      final ui.Paragraph template = _getOrCreateLayoutTemplate();
      assert(template.numberOfLines == 1);
      final double baselineOffset = template.getLineMetricsAt(0)!.baseline;
      return cachedLayout.layout._endOfTextCaretMetrics.shift(Offset(0.0, -baselineOffset));
    }

    final TextRange graphemeRange = glyphInfo.graphemeClusterCodeUnitRange;

    // Works around a SkParagraph bug (https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/120836#issuecomment-1937343854):
    // placeholders with a size of (0, 0) always have a rect of Rect.zero and a
    // range of (0, 0).
    if (graphemeRange.isCollapsed) {
      assert(graphemeRange.start == 0);
      return _computeCaretMetrics(TextPosition(offset: offset + 1));
    }
    if (anchorToLeadingEdge && graphemeRange.start != offset) {
      assert(graphemeRange.end > graphemeRange.start + 1);
      // Addresses the case where `offset` points to a multi-code-unit grapheme
      // that doesn't start at `offset`.
      return _computeCaretMetrics(TextPosition(offset: graphemeRange.end));
    }

    final _LineCaretMetrics metrics;
    final List<TextBox> boxes = cachedLayout.paragraph
      .getBoxesForRange(graphemeRange.start, graphemeRange.end, boxHeightStyle: ui.BoxHeightStyle.strut);
    if (boxes.isNotEmpty) {
      final TextBox box = boxes.single;
      metrics = _LineCaretMetrics(
        offset: Offset(anchorToLeadingEdge ? box.start : box.end, box.top),
        writingDirection: box.direction,
      );
    } else {
      // Fall back to glyphInfo. This should only happen when using the HTML renderer.
      assert(kIsWeb && !isCanvasKit);
      final Rect graphemeBounds = glyphInfo.graphemeClusterLayoutBounds;
      final double dx = switch (glyphInfo.writingDirection) {
        TextDirection.ltr => anchorToLeadingEdge ? graphemeBounds.left : graphemeBounds.right,
        TextDirection.rtl => anchorToLeadingEdge ? graphemeBounds.right : graphemeBounds.left,
      };
      metrics = _LineCaretMetrics(
        offset: Offset(dx, graphemeBounds.top),
        writingDirection: glyphInfo.writingDirection,
      );
    }

    cachedLayout._previousCaretPositionKey = caretPositionCacheKey;
    return _caretMetrics = metrics;
  }

  /// Returns a list of rects that bound the given selection.
  ///
  /// The [selection] must be a valid range (with [TextSelection.isValid] true).
  ///
  /// The [boxHeightStyle] and [boxWidthStyle] arguments may be used to select
  /// the shape of the [TextBox]s. These properties default to
  /// [ui.BoxHeightStyle.tight] and [ui.BoxWidthStyle.tight] respectively.
  ///
  /// A given selection might have more than one rect if this text painter
  /// contains bidirectional text because logically contiguous text might not be
  /// visually contiguous.
  ///
  /// Leading or trailing newline characters will be represented by zero-width
  /// `TextBox`es.
  ///
  /// The method only returns `TextBox`es of glyphs that are entirely enclosed by
  /// the given `selection`: a multi-code-unit glyph will be excluded if only
  /// part of its code units are in `selection`.
  List<TextBox> getBoxesForSelection(
    TextSelection selection, {
    ui.BoxHeightStyle boxHeightStyle = ui.BoxHeightStyle.tight,
    ui.BoxWidthStyle boxWidthStyle = ui.BoxWidthStyle.tight,
  }) {
    assert(_debugAssertTextLayoutIsValid);
    assert(selection.isValid);
    assert(!_debugNeedsRelayout);
    final _TextPainterLayoutCacheWithOffset cachedLayout = _layoutCache!;
    final Offset offset = cachedLayout.paintOffset;
    if (!offset.dx.isFinite || !offset.dy.isFinite) {
      return <TextBox>[];
    }
    final List<TextBox> boxes = cachedLayout.paragraph.getBoxesForRange(
      selection.start,
      selection.end,
      boxHeightStyle: boxHeightStyle,
      boxWidthStyle: boxWidthStyle,
    );
    return offset == Offset.zero
      ? boxes
      : boxes.map((TextBox box) => _shiftTextBox(box, offset)).toList(growable: false);
  }

  /// Returns the [GlyphInfo] of the glyph closest to the given `offset` in the
  /// paragraph coordinate system, or null if the text is empty, or is entirely
  /// clipped or ellipsized away.
  ///
  /// This method first finds the line closest to `offset.dy`, and then returns
  /// the [GlyphInfo] of the closest glyph(s) within that line.
   ui.GlyphInfo? getClosestGlyphForOffset(Offset offset) {
    assert(_debugAssertTextLayoutIsValid);
    assert(!_debugNeedsRelayout);
    final _TextPainterLayoutCacheWithOffset cachedLayout = _layoutCache!;
    final ui.GlyphInfo? rawGlyphInfo = cachedLayout.paragraph.getClosestGlyphInfoForOffset(offset - cachedLayout.paintOffset);
    if (rawGlyphInfo == null || cachedLayout.paintOffset == Offset.zero) {
      return rawGlyphInfo;
    }
    return ui.GlyphInfo(rawGlyphInfo.graphemeClusterLayoutBounds.shift(cachedLayout.paintOffset), rawGlyphInfo.graphemeClusterCodeUnitRange, rawGlyphInfo.writingDirection);
  }

  /// Returns the closest position within the text for the given pixel offset.
  TextPosition getPositionForOffset(Offset offset) {
    assert(_debugAssertTextLayoutIsValid);
    assert(!_debugNeedsRelayout);
    final _TextPainterLayoutCacheWithOffset cachedLayout = _layoutCache!;
    return cachedLayout.paragraph.getPositionForOffset(offset - cachedLayout.paintOffset);
  }

  /// {@template flutter.painting.TextPainter.getWordBoundary}
  /// Returns the text range of the word at the given offset. Characters not
  /// part of a word, such as spaces, symbols, and punctuation, have word breaks
  /// on both sides. In such cases, this method will return a text range that
  /// contains the given text position.
  ///
  /// Word boundaries are defined more precisely in Unicode Standard Annex #29
  /// <http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/#Word_Boundaries>.
  /// {@endtemplate}
  TextRange getWordBoundary(TextPosition position) {
    assert(_debugAssertTextLayoutIsValid);
    return _layoutCache!.paragraph.getWordBoundary(position);
  }

  /// {@template flutter.painting.TextPainter.wordBoundaries}
  /// Returns a [TextBoundary] that can be used to perform word boundary analysis
  /// on the current [text].
  ///
  /// This [TextBoundary] uses word boundary rules defined in [Unicode Standard
  /// Annex #29](http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/#Word_Boundaries).
  /// {@endtemplate}
  ///
  /// Currently word boundary analysis can only be performed after [layout]
  /// has been called.
  WordBoundary get wordBoundaries => WordBoundary._(text!, _layoutCache!.paragraph);

  /// Returns the text range of the line at the given offset.
  ///
  /// The newline (if any) is not returned as part of the range.
  TextRange getLineBoundary(TextPosition position) {
    assert(_debugAssertTextLayoutIsValid);
    return _layoutCache!.paragraph.getLineBoundary(position);
  }

  static ui.LineMetrics _shiftLineMetrics(ui.LineMetrics metrics, Offset offset) {
    assert(offset.dx.isFinite);
    assert(offset.dy.isFinite);
    return ui.LineMetrics(
      hardBreak: metrics.hardBreak,
      ascent: metrics.ascent,
      descent: metrics.descent,
      unscaledAscent: metrics.unscaledAscent,
      height: metrics.height,
      width: metrics.width,
      left: metrics.left + offset.dx,
      baseline: metrics.baseline + offset.dy,
      lineNumber: metrics.lineNumber,
    );
  }

  static TextBox _shiftTextBox(TextBox box, Offset offset) {
    assert(offset.dx.isFinite);
    assert(offset.dy.isFinite);
    return TextBox.fromLTRBD(
      box.left + offset.dx,
      box.top + offset.dy,
      box.right + offset.dx,
      box.bottom + offset.dy,
      box.direction,
    );
  }

  /// Returns the full list of [LineMetrics] that describe in detail the various
  /// metrics of each laid out line.
  ///
  /// The [LineMetrics] list is presented in the order of the lines they represent.
  /// For example, the first line is in the zeroth index.
  ///
  /// [LineMetrics] contains measurements such as ascent, descent, baseline, and
  /// width for the line as a whole, and may be useful for aligning additional
  /// widgets to a particular line.
  ///
  /// Valid only after [layout] has been called.
  List<ui.LineMetrics> computeLineMetrics() {
    assert(_debugAssertTextLayoutIsValid);
    assert(!_debugNeedsRelayout);
    final _TextPainterLayoutCacheWithOffset layout = _layoutCache!;
    final Offset offset = layout.paintOffset;
    if (!offset.dx.isFinite || !offset.dy.isFinite) {
      return const <ui.LineMetrics>[];
    }
    final List<ui.LineMetrics> rawMetrics = layout.lineMetrics;
    return offset == Offset.zero
      ? rawMetrics
      : rawMetrics.map((ui.LineMetrics metrics) => _shiftLineMetrics(metrics, offset)).toList(growable: false);
  }

  bool _disposed = false;

  /// Whether this object has been disposed or not.
  ///
  /// Only for use when asserts are enabled.
  bool get debugDisposed {
    bool? disposed;
    assert(() {
      disposed = _disposed;
      return true;
    }());
    return disposed ?? (throw StateError('debugDisposed only available when asserts are on.'));
  }

  /// Releases the resources associated with this painter.
  ///
  /// After disposal this painter is unusable.
  void dispose() {
    assert(() {
      _disposed = true;
      return true;
    }());
    // TODO(polina-c): stop duplicating code across disposables
    // https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/137435
    if (kFlutterMemoryAllocationsEnabled) {
      FlutterMemoryAllocations.instance.dispatchObjectDisposed(object: this);
    }
    _layoutTemplate?.dispose();
    _layoutTemplate = null;
    _layoutCache?.paragraph.dispose();
    _layoutCache = null;
    _text = null;
  }
}
